1 00:00:06,829 --> 00:00:03,409 okay everybody well I think we'll start 2 00:00:08,870 --> 00:00:06,839 with a seminar now welcome to all of 3 00:00:11,780 --> 00:00:08,880 those who are on videocon as well thanks 4 00:00:13,009 --> 00:00:11,790 for joining us so our speaker today and 5 00:00:15,650 --> 00:00:13,019 the University of Washington 6 00:00:18,050 --> 00:00:15,660 astrobiology seminar series is a 7 00:00:21,109 --> 00:00:18,060 professor Janet Seaford she is an 8 00:00:24,349 --> 00:00:21,119 evolutionary molecular biologist to get 9 00:00:26,210 --> 00:00:24,359 that right she got her PhD at the 10 00:00:28,269 --> 00:00:26,220 University of Houston where she worked 11 00:00:30,140 --> 00:00:28,279 with George Fox as her advisor and 12 00:00:33,380 --> 00:00:30,150 Georgia something you know was the 13 00:00:35,330 --> 00:00:33,390 discoverer of the ikea janet is now 14 00:00:37,940 --> 00:00:35,340 currently working as a faculty fellow at 15 00:00:39,650 --> 00:00:37,950 rice university in houston and her 16 00:00:42,020 --> 00:00:39,660 research interests include theoretical 17 00:00:44,900 --> 00:00:42,030 biology horizontal gene transfer and 18 00:00:46,760 --> 00:00:44,910 microbial ecology and today she's going 19 00:00:48,889 --> 00:00:46,770 to be giving us a talk entitled strum 20 00:00:52,430 --> 00:00:48,899 stromatolites what sulfur got to do with 21 00:01:00,260 --> 00:00:52,440 it well I'm glad to be here you're gonna 22 00:01:02,479 --> 00:01:00,270 do the live cam in the dark can't see me 23 00:01:05,479 --> 00:01:02,489 that's good you have to forgive my 24 00:01:07,520 --> 00:01:05,489 southern accent I'm from Arkansas so I 25 00:01:08,690 --> 00:01:07,530 try to hide it a lot but it'll come out 26 00:01:10,160 --> 00:01:08,700 every once them all so you don't 27 00:01:12,590 --> 00:01:10,170 understand something I'm talking about 28 00:01:15,289 --> 00:01:12,600 well just raise your hand and I 29 00:01:18,940 --> 00:01:15,299 certainly don't mind being stalked how 30 00:01:23,300 --> 00:01:18,950 many of you are astronomers in here 31 00:01:25,010 --> 00:01:23,310 biologists cool oh so you tell me a lie 32 00:01:28,340 --> 00:01:25,020 you told me they were going to be done a 33 00:01:30,260 --> 00:01:28,350 bit astronomers in here okay so I'm 34 00:01:31,940 --> 00:01:30,270 going to tell you about actually I'm 35 00:01:34,340 --> 00:01:31,950 going to tell you a little bit about one 36 00:01:35,390 --> 00:01:34,350 of the my favorite places on earth and 37 00:01:37,640 --> 00:01:35,400 I'm going to tell you about some 38 00:01:39,649 --> 00:01:37,650 research that's being done there and the 39 00:01:41,060 --> 00:01:39,659 way i'm going to introduce it is i'm 40 00:01:44,179 --> 00:01:41,070 going to talk about the stromatolites 41 00:01:47,630 --> 00:01:44,189 that are there and the first slide is 42 00:01:49,280 --> 00:01:47,640 just my my side of recognition of 43 00:01:52,010 --> 00:01:49,290 everyone that's working down there this 44 00:01:53,960 --> 00:01:52,020 is quite a group being a part of the 45 00:01:56,240 --> 00:01:53,970 astrobiology you understand that it 46 00:01:57,649 --> 00:01:56,250 takes a huge number of people to 47 00:01:59,899 --> 00:01:57,659 actually tackle some of the problems 48 00:02:01,670 --> 00:01:59,909 that we try to tackle today and that's 49 00:02:04,550 --> 00:02:01,680 reflected in the number of collaborators 50 00:02:06,289 --> 00:02:04,560 that I have here I won't go through a 51 00:02:08,359 --> 00:02:06,299 name each of them but they're across the 52 00:02:10,040 --> 00:02:08,369 border across the Rio Grande all the way 53 00:02:10,770 --> 00:02:10,050 through the southern part of the United 54 00:02:13,800 --> 00:02:10,780 States 55 00:02:17,570 --> 00:02:13,810 and of course very appreciative to to 56 00:02:19,949 --> 00:02:17,580 Vicki all right so let's get started 57 00:02:21,390 --> 00:02:19,959 this is a picture of early Earth I know 58 00:02:23,930 --> 00:02:21,400 you've all seen it's pretty good that we 59 00:02:26,880 --> 00:02:23,940 got this photograph from somebody 60 00:02:29,040 --> 00:02:26,890 there's a very clear feature in this 61 00:02:31,530 --> 00:02:29,050 picture of course this is an artist's 62 00:02:34,290 --> 00:02:31,540 rendition of the early Archaean on the 63 00:02:37,320 --> 00:02:34,300 earth but as you can see there's some 64 00:02:39,780 --> 00:02:37,330 features right here and these look 65 00:02:41,699 --> 00:02:39,790 disturbingly like current features that 66 00:02:44,340 --> 00:02:41,709 you find off the coast in Australia and 67 00:02:46,770 --> 00:02:44,350 sharks bay those are stromatolite so a 68 00:02:56,930 --> 00:02:46,780 stromatolite is actually a fancy a 69 00:03:04,940 --> 00:03:01,810 I thought I have me do disco in a minute 70 00:03:07,760 --> 00:03:04,950 all right so these are stromatolite and 71 00:03:12,350 --> 00:03:07,770 that's a very specific name for a kind 72 00:03:15,020 --> 00:03:12,360 of feature that microbes make and the 73 00:03:18,500 --> 00:03:15,030 general term for that is a microbial 74 00:03:21,560 --> 00:03:18,510 aight so basically I'm going to be using 75 00:03:23,240 --> 00:03:21,570 the word microbial I but most geologists 76 00:03:25,040 --> 00:03:23,250 and most people that are familiar with 77 00:03:27,230 --> 00:03:25,050 these think about stromatolites and the 78 00:03:29,060 --> 00:03:27,240 difference between what the microbial 79 00:03:32,030 --> 00:03:29,070 aight is the general term the 80 00:03:34,310 --> 00:03:32,040 stromatolite is a specific description 81 00:03:38,180 --> 00:03:34,320 of a kind of microbial aight that has 82 00:03:40,310 --> 00:03:38,190 layers to it ok so turns out it's I 83 00:03:43,960 --> 00:03:40,320 don't know why but it affects your to 84 00:03:46,790 --> 00:03:43,970 say stromatolite than microbial aight so 85 00:03:48,860 --> 00:03:46,800 everybody calls them stromatolites but 86 00:03:50,270 --> 00:03:48,870 the general term is microbial aight 87 00:03:53,450 --> 00:03:50,280 that's the one I'm going to be using for 88 00:03:55,130 --> 00:03:53,460 the most of this talk so here that was 89 00:03:57,080 --> 00:03:55,140 what they look like three and a half 90 00:03:59,570 --> 00:03:57,090 billion years ago here's what they look 91 00:04:02,750 --> 00:03:59,580 like today these are in the Bahamas 92 00:04:05,270 --> 00:04:02,760 clearly these are at least if I'm going 93 00:04:09,140 --> 00:04:05,280 to have six foot tall these are at 94 00:04:11,600 --> 00:04:09,150 sharks Bay Australia and almost always 95 00:04:14,510 --> 00:04:11,610 if you find microbial lights or 96 00:04:16,460 --> 00:04:14,520 stromatolites in today's ecosystems it's 97 00:04:18,080 --> 00:04:16,470 because there's something extreme about 98 00:04:25,100 --> 00:04:18,090 that environment that's allowed them to 99 00:04:26,510 --> 00:04:25,110 actually grow alright so what we're 100 00:04:29,420 --> 00:04:26,520 going to talk about is how you actually 101 00:04:33,080 --> 00:04:29,430 form microbial eyes so the recipe for 102 00:04:36,430 --> 00:04:33,090 them is that it's really in essence just 103 00:04:38,630 --> 00:04:36,440 a symbol a simple chemical precipitation 104 00:04:40,030 --> 00:04:38,640 the chemicals in the water the 105 00:04:42,530 --> 00:04:40,040 carbonates in the water actually 106 00:04:46,220 --> 00:04:42,540 precipitating around the microbial 107 00:04:48,350 --> 00:04:46,230 community that's what's happening it's 108 00:04:50,060 --> 00:04:48,360 the same process that happens in Coral 109 00:04:52,760 --> 00:04:50,070 it's just a different organism that's 110 00:04:54,530 --> 00:04:52,770 actually doing it and it's always about 111 00:04:57,650 --> 00:04:54,540 the community there's something about 112 00:05:00,560 --> 00:04:57,660 the microbial community that's making 113 00:05:02,180 --> 00:05:00,570 that precipitation occurred we're going 114 00:05:05,390 --> 00:05:02,190 to talk a little bit about why sometimes 115 00:05:07,430 --> 00:05:05,400 you have microbial mats but sometimes 116 00:05:09,370 --> 00:05:07,440 you have actual microvia lights for some 117 00:05:12,160 --> 00:05:09,380 reason these things 118 00:05:13,390 --> 00:05:12,170 do not cause a precipitation but when 119 00:05:15,870 --> 00:05:13,400 you get a microbial like the 120 00:05:18,460 --> 00:05:15,880 precipitation has actually occurred and 121 00:05:20,170 --> 00:05:18,470 today in today's world just go I said 122 00:05:22,270 --> 00:05:20,180 earlier you must have some sort of 123 00:05:23,770 --> 00:05:22,280 extreme environment to allow that to 124 00:05:26,740 --> 00:05:23,780 happen now let me explain that a little 125 00:05:29,200 --> 00:05:26,750 bit more detail back in the early Earth 126 00:05:31,720 --> 00:05:29,210 when all you had was simple life 127 00:05:33,940 --> 00:05:31,730 microbial life you didn't have the 128 00:05:36,090 --> 00:05:33,950 natural set of predators that might eat 129 00:05:40,330 --> 00:05:36,100 the microbes that would allow them to be 130 00:05:42,010 --> 00:05:40,340 not robust and not allow the reactions 131 00:05:44,320 --> 00:05:42,020 to happen to cause the carbonates to 132 00:05:46,660 --> 00:05:44,330 fall out on top of them today we have 133 00:05:48,520 --> 00:05:46,670 predators that eat the microbes snails 134 00:05:51,010 --> 00:05:48,530 and fish in different things so unless 135 00:05:53,710 --> 00:05:51,020 you have some way of keeping those 136 00:05:55,150 --> 00:05:53,720 predators away from the microbial 137 00:05:57,310 --> 00:05:55,160 community that can make the litho 138 00:06:00,370 --> 00:05:57,320 fighing that you're not going to find 139 00:06:02,430 --> 00:06:00,380 them so anywhere you find microbial 140 00:06:04,960 --> 00:06:02,440 lights are stromatolites in today's 141 00:06:07,600 --> 00:06:04,970 ecosystems it's because you kept the 142 00:06:10,450 --> 00:06:07,610 Predators away somehow in the Sharks Bay 143 00:06:12,040 --> 00:06:10,460 Australia it's too salty for the fish to 144 00:06:16,360 --> 00:06:12,050 come in and actually eat so that's why 145 00:06:19,570 --> 00:06:16,370 you have them there okay Sharon I heard 146 00:06:21,100 --> 00:06:19,580 this before yeah there's grazing today 147 00:06:28,570 --> 00:06:21,110 but I mean there's a lot of grass in the 148 00:06:31,480 --> 00:06:28,580 world today fishin himself he's playing 149 00:06:32,830 --> 00:06:31,490 a lot okay that's already called 150 00:06:35,560 --> 00:06:32,840 agreements astellas you're saying the 151 00:06:38,350 --> 00:06:35,570 equilibrium for some reason is yes you 152 00:06:42,880 --> 00:06:38,360 don't have the extreme conditions right 153 00:06:44,350 --> 00:06:42,890 okay so as usual that is an excellent 154 00:06:46,060 --> 00:06:44,360 question I've never actually thought 155 00:06:47,710 --> 00:06:46,070 about it from that context I mean you 156 00:06:49,510 --> 00:06:47,720 make a good point what I'm fixing to 157 00:06:51,910 --> 00:06:49,520 show you about a place that actually has 158 00:06:54,400 --> 00:06:51,920 these stromatolites there is another 159 00:06:55,870 --> 00:06:54,410 reason why the environment is so extreme 160 00:06:58,030 --> 00:06:55,880 that you don't have the Predators 161 00:07:01,570 --> 00:06:58,040 actually working on it like they would 162 00:07:03,880 --> 00:07:01,580 be now just to compare it with grass I 163 00:07:08,860 --> 00:07:03,890 don't think is a fair is a fair 164 00:07:17,410 --> 00:07:13,540 the the micro the the actual bacteria 165 00:07:19,420 --> 00:07:17,420 that are producing these the the 166 00:07:21,730 --> 00:07:19,430 Predators can actually just keep them 167 00:07:23,440 --> 00:07:21,740 caught down grazed down enough so that 168 00:07:24,910 --> 00:07:23,450 they can't actually produce the 169 00:07:27,400 --> 00:07:24,920 chemistry that needs to cause the 170 00:07:29,170 --> 00:07:27,410 carbonates to pull out whereas you know 171 00:07:31,060 --> 00:07:29,180 if your grazing on grass I mean you can 172 00:07:32,710 --> 00:07:31,070 leave us feels fallow or whatever you 173 00:07:35,530 --> 00:07:32,720 want to let the grass grow up early it's 174 00:07:39,250 --> 00:07:35,540 a little bit different situation but the 175 00:07:42,660 --> 00:07:39,260 bottom line is the natural predators we 176 00:07:47,050 --> 00:07:42,670 had a microbial a dominated community 177 00:07:48,850 --> 00:07:47,060 prior to the rise of oxygen or prior to 178 00:07:51,370 --> 00:07:48,860 2.5 billion years that's in the rock 179 00:07:52,780 --> 00:07:51,380 record we have those and now today we 180 00:07:54,460 --> 00:07:52,790 don't have them except in extreme 181 00:07:57,460 --> 00:07:54,470 environments now I will admit to one 182 00:07:59,500 --> 00:07:57,470 thing I think we're going to find them 183 00:08:01,360 --> 00:07:59,510 in more places than you realize I don't 184 00:08:05,170 --> 00:08:01,370 think they're going to be quite as rare 185 00:08:07,060 --> 00:08:05,180 as we think they are that sort of gets 186 00:08:09,970 --> 00:08:07,070 at your question a little bit but it 187 00:08:11,890 --> 00:08:09,980 still has to say something about the 188 00:08:13,990 --> 00:08:11,900 ecosystem in the community there is 189 00:08:15,310 --> 00:08:14,000 still some reason why they're not just 190 00:08:19,840 --> 00:08:15,320 all over the place like they were 191 00:08:21,900 --> 00:08:19,850 packing what what we think now I don't I 192 00:08:24,750 --> 00:08:21,910 really like it when you ask me questions 193 00:08:27,580 --> 00:08:24,760 that way I know you're not asleep 194 00:08:30,520 --> 00:08:27,590 alright so what I've tried to tell you 195 00:08:32,170 --> 00:08:30,530 is that given this early time at Earth 196 00:08:34,510 --> 00:08:32,180 we don't have all these predators and 197 00:08:37,900 --> 00:08:34,520 you've got microbes dominating why is it 198 00:08:40,030 --> 00:08:37,910 that sometimes you have a mat that 199 00:08:41,800 --> 00:08:40,040 doesn't cause any kind of precipitation 200 00:08:44,110 --> 00:08:41,810 in the chemistry of the water to 201 00:08:46,210 --> 00:08:44,120 precipitate around it and sometimes you 202 00:08:48,820 --> 00:08:46,220 do well there was some great work done 203 00:08:50,440 --> 00:08:48,830 by du pres and Fisher depresses actually 204 00:08:53,200 --> 00:08:50,450 put some excellent papers out on this 205 00:08:54,970 --> 00:08:53,210 and what they did you don't have to 206 00:08:56,590 --> 00:08:54,980 understand too much about this graph I 207 00:08:58,420 --> 00:08:56,600 realized it's pretty busy this table 208 00:09:01,890 --> 00:08:58,430 that came out of their paper basically 209 00:09:04,630 --> 00:09:01,900 what they're showing you is that 210 00:09:07,540 --> 00:09:04,640 sometimes matt solidify these are two 211 00:09:10,440 --> 00:09:07,550 examples that do and sometimes they 212 00:09:13,420 --> 00:09:10,450 don't let the vacation doesn't occur if 213 00:09:15,340 --> 00:09:13,430 lithification occurs you're going to be 214 00:09:18,490 --> 00:09:15,350 able to find that in the rock record at 215 00:09:20,060 --> 00:09:18,500 some time if it doesn't happen you won't 216 00:09:22,850 --> 00:09:20,070 you know there'll be no evidence or just 217 00:09:25,850 --> 00:09:22,860 the soft bodies of the organisms will 218 00:09:28,190 --> 00:09:25,860 not be captured so what causes this to 219 00:09:31,510 --> 00:09:28,200 happen well they discovered that there's 220 00:09:34,310 --> 00:09:31,520 sort of two processes that are at work 221 00:09:38,180 --> 00:09:34,320 sometimes you have a metabolism 222 00:09:40,220 --> 00:09:38,190 controlled environment that's causing 223 00:09:42,260 --> 00:09:40,230 the carbonates in the water to fall out 224 00:09:45,470 --> 00:09:42,270 on it and basically what's happening is 225 00:09:47,600 --> 00:09:45,480 the metabolism around the colony is just 226 00:09:51,170 --> 00:09:47,610 changing the pH enough so that the 227 00:09:53,720 --> 00:09:51,180 carbonates fall out around it or you may 228 00:09:57,610 --> 00:09:53,730 have the situation where the community 229 00:10:00,200 --> 00:09:57,620 is in such an environment that this 230 00:10:01,790 --> 00:10:00,210 you've probably been around bacteria in 231 00:10:04,340 --> 00:10:01,800 ponds or something you've seen it and 232 00:10:06,170 --> 00:10:04,350 it's kind of slimy and gooey well 233 00:10:07,850 --> 00:10:06,180 there's an extra polymeric substance 234 00:10:09,800 --> 00:10:07,860 that some bacteria put out it's kind of 235 00:10:12,920 --> 00:10:09,810 like a net that keeps everything sort of 236 00:10:16,250 --> 00:10:12,930 together and in a mat system that's EPS 237 00:10:18,680 --> 00:10:16,260 so extra polymeric substance if the if 238 00:10:21,740 --> 00:10:18,690 the community is creating that kind of 239 00:10:23,750 --> 00:10:21,750 substance around it and it's in a place 240 00:10:26,720 --> 00:10:23,760 where there's actually kind of a washing 241 00:10:28,820 --> 00:10:26,730 end of detras then that detras can be 242 00:10:30,500 --> 00:10:28,830 trapped in that in the extra polymeric 243 00:10:33,560 --> 00:10:30,510 substance and that can create us from 244 00:10:35,720 --> 00:10:33,570 everyone for a microbial so this paper 245 00:10:37,760 --> 00:10:35,730 is just basically showing you that if 246 00:10:39,830 --> 00:10:37,770 you have either one of these situations 247 00:10:41,900 --> 00:10:39,840 or some combination of these situations 248 00:10:44,420 --> 00:10:41,910 occurring you're likely to get a little 249 00:10:46,790 --> 00:10:44,430 vacation process whereas if you don't 250 00:10:49,220 --> 00:10:46,800 have these two situations happening 251 00:10:53,720 --> 00:10:49,230 you're you won't have Alyssa fication 252 00:10:56,840 --> 00:10:53,730 okay any questions on that all right so 253 00:10:59,590 --> 00:10:56,850 now to some real life microbial lights 254 00:11:04,390 --> 00:10:59,600 in a really interesting and cool place 255 00:11:07,520 --> 00:11:04,400 this is Texas which is where I'm from 256 00:11:08,990 --> 00:11:07,530 this is Mexico and this is the 257 00:11:11,810 --> 00:11:09,000 chihuahuan desert one of the great 258 00:11:13,220 --> 00:11:11,820 southwestern deserts it's right in the 259 00:11:15,380 --> 00:11:13,230 middle of this right in the middle of 260 00:11:18,700 --> 00:11:15,390 the desert is an oasis now let me show 261 00:11:22,190 --> 00:11:18,710 you some pictures Vicki's been down here 262 00:11:24,770 --> 00:11:22,200 this is a valley that's up pretty high 263 00:11:28,700 --> 00:11:24,780 in the mountains completely surrounded 264 00:11:32,060 --> 00:11:28,710 by mountains and there's 265 00:11:34,730 --> 00:11:32,070 pools that are from subterranean vault 266 00:11:36,650 --> 00:11:34,740 system that actually are coming to the 267 00:11:38,810 --> 00:11:36,660 surface there's over about 200 of them 268 00:11:41,210 --> 00:11:38,820 and then you see in this picture the 269 00:11:43,070 --> 00:11:41,220 next picture they actually look like 270 00:11:44,750 --> 00:11:43,080 little pieces of the Caribbean just drop 271 00:11:46,700 --> 00:11:44,760 down into the middle of the desert it's 272 00:11:48,460 --> 00:11:46,710 over 200 of them you can actually see 273 00:11:51,500 --> 00:11:48,470 the fault line running down this one 274 00:11:55,700 --> 00:11:51,510 this one is just about like nice warm 275 00:11:57,470 --> 00:11:55,710 bath water it's that warm this is an 276 00:12:01,100 --> 00:11:57,480 aerial view of some of the ones in the 277 00:12:05,630 --> 00:12:01,110 valley they're called poses and this 278 00:12:12,380 --> 00:12:05,640 right around the rim here is a microbial 279 00:12:14,540 --> 00:12:12,390 on that white room though these mats for 280 00:12:16,010 --> 00:12:14,550 probably thousands of years have 281 00:12:18,800 --> 00:12:16,020 actually been listening in this 282 00:12:21,410 --> 00:12:18,810 particular place now a little bit about 283 00:12:24,320 --> 00:12:21,420 this place it's the area's 1200 square 284 00:12:26,930 --> 00:12:24,330 kilometers the rainfall is less than 150 285 00:12:31,700 --> 00:12:26,940 millimeters per year pretty dry and it's 286 00:12:34,610 --> 00:12:31,710 740 meters above sea level the other 287 00:12:37,280 --> 00:12:34,620 thing that's interesting is there are 288 00:12:39,200 --> 00:12:37,290 dunes there that are that are part of 289 00:12:41,690 --> 00:12:39,210 the part of one of the river systems 290 00:12:44,030 --> 00:12:41,700 that runs along the surface of the 291 00:12:45,950 --> 00:12:44,040 desert floor and I don't know if you 292 00:12:48,140 --> 00:12:45,960 could even hazard a guess what this is 293 00:12:50,960 --> 00:12:48,150 does this look just like sand like sand 294 00:12:53,720 --> 00:12:50,970 dunes to you this is almost ninety seven 295 00:12:56,090 --> 00:12:53,730 percent gypsum actually mind this for 296 00:12:59,360 --> 00:12:56,100 drywall for a long time so this is 297 00:13:01,190 --> 00:12:59,370 carbonates of sulfur carbonates so 298 00:13:02,510 --> 00:13:01,200 there's some special things that are 299 00:13:04,700 --> 00:13:02,520 going on in this valley that I'm trying 300 00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:04,710 to get you to understand one thing is 301 00:13:10,790 --> 00:13:06,810 it's pretty high up so the water sources 302 00:13:12,920 --> 00:13:10,800 are not coming from anywhere up other 303 00:13:15,230 --> 00:13:12,930 than just the subterranean fault system 304 00:13:17,990 --> 00:13:15,240 that you have it's rained completely by 305 00:13:19,880 --> 00:13:18,000 mountains so it's very isolated there's 306 00:13:21,410 --> 00:13:19,890 a sulfur system there's a sulfur cycle 307 00:13:24,590 --> 00:13:21,420 of some kind because you have all of 308 00:13:26,990 --> 00:13:24,600 this gypsum obviously on in the 309 00:13:31,520 --> 00:13:27,000 topography and there's almost no 310 00:13:33,200 --> 00:13:31,530 rainfall ok so the Quattro cienega is 311 00:13:36,500 --> 00:13:33,210 the name of this place it's actually 312 00:13:39,680 --> 00:13:36,510 translates into the for marshes and it's 313 00:13:41,960 --> 00:13:39,690 been proposed as an ancient ocean the 314 00:13:44,270 --> 00:13:41,970 remnant of a nation ocean part of the 315 00:13:47,240 --> 00:13:44,280 protocol 100 million years ago so when 316 00:13:50,120 --> 00:13:47,250 Pangaea was splitting up and the Gulf of 317 00:13:52,160 --> 00:13:50,130 Mexico was being made actually this 318 00:13:54,410 --> 00:13:52,170 particular area right down the gulf of 319 00:13:56,960 --> 00:13:54,420 mex right down the middle of Mexico was 320 00:13:59,060 --> 00:13:56,970 actually part of the proto Gulf and this 321 00:14:01,910 --> 00:13:59,070 was done in a paper with my collaborator 322 00:14:04,760 --> 00:14:01,920 Valerius all set um and it was in pnas 323 00:14:08,240 --> 00:14:04,770 and the thing that's remarkable and 324 00:14:09,730 --> 00:14:08,250 although I have my reservations about it 325 00:14:13,010 --> 00:14:09,740 i'm going to show you some information 326 00:14:15,830 --> 00:14:13,020 that's going to make it appear that not 327 00:14:17,540 --> 00:14:15,840 only can you say this geologically but 328 00:14:21,080 --> 00:14:17,550 it looks like biologically there's 329 00:14:22,640 --> 00:14:21,090 remnants of this marine ecosystem that 330 00:14:24,350 --> 00:14:22,650 have come up in the waters that are 331 00:14:26,360 --> 00:14:24,360 coming down from the ancient from 332 00:14:28,430 --> 00:14:26,370 underneath the other thing that's 333 00:14:31,430 --> 00:14:28,440 extraordinary about this place is it 334 00:14:32,780 --> 00:14:31,440 slow and phosphorus now that's going to 335 00:14:35,120 --> 00:14:32,790 I want you to think about that for a 336 00:14:36,890 --> 00:14:35,130 minute the total phosphorus ranges 337 00:14:39,410 --> 00:14:36,900 between point 05 and point for 338 00:14:42,380 --> 00:14:39,420 micromolar with most of the poses in the 339 00:14:45,950 --> 00:14:42,390 point 1 2.3 micromolar range now what do 340 00:14:48,050 --> 00:14:45,960 you know about phosphorus you ever think 341 00:14:49,670 --> 00:14:48,060 about limiting elements we've talked 342 00:14:52,100 --> 00:14:49,680 about probably you've heard about 343 00:14:53,870 --> 00:14:52,110 nitrogen being limiting I mean you know 344 00:14:56,510 --> 00:14:53,880 you have to have fixed nitrogen the 345 00:14:59,180 --> 00:14:56,520 planet the planets biology has to have 346 00:15:00,590 --> 00:14:59,190 its nitrogen so if you don't have fixed 347 00:15:02,470 --> 00:15:00,600 nitrogen can be limiting that's why you 348 00:15:05,030 --> 00:15:02,480 have to put fertilizer on your gardens 349 00:15:06,830 --> 00:15:05,040 but what about phosphorus what happens 350 00:15:08,590 --> 00:15:06,840 if you're low in phosphorus and this is 351 00:15:12,050 --> 00:15:08,600 actually this is very very low 352 00:15:13,880 --> 00:15:12,060 especially for any other terrains that 353 00:15:16,700 --> 00:15:13,890 are similar to this what do you know 354 00:15:23,120 --> 00:15:16,710 about phosphorus what's phosphorus used 355 00:15:31,850 --> 00:15:28,070 DNA DNA RNA it's also the ATP ATP is the 356 00:15:36,170 --> 00:15:31,860 currency pretty important element as far 357 00:15:38,240 --> 00:15:36,180 as biology is concerned so Arizona State 358 00:15:39,710 --> 00:15:38,250 let me let me tell you this this is one 359 00:15:46,780 --> 00:15:39,720 other thing that's that's especially 360 00:15:53,630 --> 00:15:50,210 Galapagos a have discovered is that the 361 00:15:55,640 --> 00:15:53,640 diversity of endemic species so species 362 00:15:58,340 --> 00:15:55,650 that are not found anywhere else on the 363 00:16:01,760 --> 00:15:58,350 planet just here they've already 364 00:16:03,920 --> 00:16:01,770 described about 70 of them and that's 365 00:16:07,220 --> 00:16:03,930 equal in diversity to the Galapagos 366 00:16:10,130 --> 00:16:07,230 Islands so basically what you have here 367 00:16:12,410 --> 00:16:10,140 is where the Galapagos is actually 368 00:16:15,080 --> 00:16:12,420 isolated because of being surrounded by 369 00:16:16,760 --> 00:16:15,090 water and life has been able to evolve 370 00:16:18,920 --> 00:16:16,770 and adapt their independently of 371 00:16:22,100 --> 00:16:18,930 anything else you have a similar 372 00:16:23,930 --> 00:16:22,110 situation here where the actually the 373 00:16:25,910 --> 00:16:23,940 isolation is because of that big 374 00:16:28,460 --> 00:16:25,920 mountain range that circles the valley 375 00:16:30,950 --> 00:16:28,470 and it's proven in this fact that we 376 00:16:34,400 --> 00:16:30,960 have over 70 speak endemic species there 377 00:16:38,600 --> 00:16:34,410 ranging from reptiles fishes scorpions 378 00:16:44,110 --> 00:16:41,690 so why do you have and the pools at 379 00:16:47,990 --> 00:16:44,120 quadrille cienega stromatolites 380 00:16:50,750 --> 00:16:48,000 dominating this is it again example 381 00:16:52,970 --> 00:16:50,760 again of the the Australian sharks bay 382 00:16:55,250 --> 00:16:52,980 ones this is a little bit what they look 383 00:16:59,240 --> 00:16:55,260 like when you look in the fossil record 384 00:17:02,230 --> 00:16:59,250 in the Pilbara Pilbara she got on too 385 00:17:07,970 --> 00:17:02,240 many other day because I said pale Barra 386 00:17:09,949 --> 00:17:07,980 pilbara region and so this is what some 387 00:17:13,880 --> 00:17:09,959 of the different morphological types 388 00:17:15,890 --> 00:17:13,890 look like at Quattro cienega so this is 389 00:17:18,770 --> 00:17:15,900 the aerial photo that you saw I call 390 00:17:20,569 --> 00:17:18,780 this a shelf stromatolite but I mean you 391 00:17:22,460 --> 00:17:20,579 can tell how I mean it's to me it's 392 00:17:25,549 --> 00:17:22,470 elegant this is made entirely by 393 00:17:27,650 --> 00:17:25,559 microbes basically with a fine pulling 394 00:17:30,710 --> 00:17:27,660 the carbon the carbonates out of the 395 00:17:33,169 --> 00:17:30,720 water and encasing themselves in this is 396 00:17:37,039 --> 00:17:33,179 another type this is just sort of like a 397 00:17:39,650 --> 00:17:37,049 this is a pool that has a spring at the 398 00:17:42,470 --> 00:17:39,660 bottom about 40 foot so it's very quiet 399 00:17:44,299 --> 00:17:42,480 and tranquil not much going on these you 400 00:17:46,909 --> 00:17:44,309 actually find in a river that flows 401 00:17:49,789 --> 00:17:46,919 across in one area of the valley and 402 00:17:52,130 --> 00:17:49,799 these are like being from Texas I call 403 00:17:54,080 --> 00:17:52,140 these kind of like microbial a tumble 404 00:17:56,270 --> 00:17:54,090 weeds because they actually find 405 00:17:59,810 --> 00:17:56,280 something to nuclear nucleate around in 406 00:18:02,030 --> 00:17:59,820 the microbial community nucleates around 407 00:18:03,980 --> 00:18:02,040 that and then just grows yearling and it 408 00:18:07,220 --> 00:18:03,990 can roll around on the bottom of the 409 00:18:08,720 --> 00:18:07,230 river floor this is us actually trying 410 00:18:12,140 --> 00:18:08,730 to take a sample from one of the more 411 00:18:13,310 --> 00:18:12,150 Domo stromatolites and then I just put 412 00:18:14,990 --> 00:18:13,320 this in your you're going to see this 413 00:18:16,520 --> 00:18:15,000 again I just think this is too cool 414 00:18:19,070 --> 00:18:16,530 because I'm going to talk about what 415 00:18:21,289 --> 00:18:19,080 this community is made up of which one 416 00:18:24,049 --> 00:18:21,299 of the things that it's primarily made 417 00:18:25,820 --> 00:18:24,059 up of as cyanobacteria and if you know 418 00:18:27,049 --> 00:18:25,830 anything about cyanobacteria you know 419 00:18:30,590 --> 00:18:27,059 that they're the only things on the 420 00:18:33,110 --> 00:18:30,600 planet that make oxygen the only thing 421 00:18:34,940 --> 00:18:33,120 on the planet that makes oxygen the 422 00:18:38,240 --> 00:18:34,950 reason plants make it is because they 423 00:18:40,909 --> 00:18:38,250 actually co-opted the ability from 424 00:18:42,880 --> 00:18:40,919 cyanobacteria and this is a mat you can 425 00:18:45,560 --> 00:18:42,890 clearly seen the green cyanobacteria 426 00:18:47,990 --> 00:18:45,570 this isn't Quattro cinakisz when we were 427 00:18:49,970 --> 00:18:48,000 swimming underwater and these are oxygen 428 00:18:57,770 --> 00:18:49,980 vocals for the oxygens actually being 429 00:18:59,660 --> 00:18:57,780 produced right sort of crusty if you 430 00:19:05,380 --> 00:18:59,670 feel it and it was the nature okay so 431 00:19:10,400 --> 00:19:08,720 if you took your foot and you punched it 432 00:19:12,290 --> 00:19:10,410 like this it would just fall apart even 433 00:19:14,570 --> 00:19:12,300 disintegrate underneath you if you stuck 434 00:19:15,860 --> 00:19:14,580 this into it you could probably stick it 435 00:19:19,610 --> 00:19:15,870 in and it would kind of crumble around 436 00:19:21,440 --> 00:19:19,620 it but if you touch it it feels hard and 437 00:19:23,150 --> 00:19:21,450 and the thing that's a little bit 438 00:19:24,650 --> 00:19:23,160 confusing to me everybody that I've 439 00:19:26,960 --> 00:19:24,660 talked about that looks at sort of 440 00:19:30,050 --> 00:19:26,970 current stromatolites even the one in 441 00:19:31,910 --> 00:19:30,060 the Bahamas and sharks bay they all kind 442 00:19:33,650 --> 00:19:31,920 of have this structure I don't know if 443 00:19:35,660 --> 00:19:33,660 you can see this this doesn't look like 444 00:19:37,400 --> 00:19:35,670 when you look in the geologic record at 445 00:19:39,560 --> 00:19:37,410 peak pet stromatolites that people calls 446 00:19:42,670 --> 00:19:39,570 from as they're very very distinctive 447 00:19:46,250 --> 00:19:42,680 layers this kind of reminds me of like 448 00:19:49,580 --> 00:19:46,260 tiny broccoli florets that's kind of 449 00:19:52,370 --> 00:19:49,590 what it looks like ever you section it 450 00:19:53,840 --> 00:19:52,380 this is a section this actually looks 451 00:19:56,780 --> 00:19:53,850 like that and if you took a piece of 452 00:19:59,590 --> 00:19:56,790 this it would look similar to though 453 00:20:04,280 --> 00:19:59,600 it's crusty a little harder than Krusty 454 00:20:06,590 --> 00:20:04,290 but definitely pretty fragile and this 455 00:20:08,300 --> 00:20:06,600 is the ones that are alive if they're 456 00:20:09,980 --> 00:20:08,310 alive they're like that there's actually 457 00:20:13,730 --> 00:20:09,990 a pool down there that has some dead 458 00:20:16,700 --> 00:20:13,740 ones and their heart is wrong and I know 459 00:20:19,460 --> 00:20:16,710 they're dead because there's nothing I 460 00:20:23,210 --> 00:20:19,470 mean there's there's you don't see any 461 00:20:25,640 --> 00:20:23,220 kind of if you if you open them and do 462 00:20:27,170 --> 00:20:25,650 any kind of microscope work you don't 463 00:20:29,840 --> 00:20:27,180 see anything in there I mean they're 464 00:20:30,480 --> 00:20:29,850 clearly they turn into rock just so even 465 00:20:35,640 --> 00:20:30,490 close 466 00:20:37,169 --> 00:20:35,650 oh yeah so the story is you get the 467 00:20:40,410 --> 00:20:37,179 strata because you have some sort of 468 00:20:42,240 --> 00:20:40,420 seasonal input right but so far all 469 00:20:43,799 --> 00:20:42,250 there's a little bit of there's a little 470 00:20:45,810 --> 00:20:43,809 bit of strata if you looked real real 471 00:20:48,240 --> 00:20:45,820 close you would see a little bit of 472 00:20:49,860 --> 00:20:48,250 layering up here you would see a little 473 00:20:52,919 --> 00:20:49,870 bit but nothing like what you see in the 474 00:20:54,630 --> 00:20:52,929 geologic record I mean this you have to 475 00:20:57,350 --> 00:20:54,640 I mean you'd really need a rock lands to 476 00:20:59,580 --> 00:20:57,360 look at this close I don't think the 477 00:21:01,320 --> 00:20:59,590 geologic record the stromatolites in the 478 00:21:04,650 --> 00:21:01,330 geologic record there you don't need any 479 00:21:06,330 --> 00:21:04,660 kind of any kind of magnifying aid to 480 00:21:08,970 --> 00:21:06,340 see them so I'm a little confused about 481 00:21:11,070 --> 00:21:08,980 that and I actually talked to Abigail 482 00:21:12,720 --> 00:21:11,080 all wood and she's seen that the 483 00:21:16,470 --> 00:21:12,730 stromatolite sand sharks base she's the 484 00:21:20,640 --> 00:21:16,480 one that did the paper on the Pilbara 485 00:21:22,290 --> 00:21:20,650 region the geologic that the most recent 486 00:21:24,299 --> 00:21:22,300 paper on the stromatolites and 487 00:21:26,910 --> 00:21:24,309 stromatolite in the Pilbara region and 488 00:21:29,910 --> 00:21:26,920 she says that the Sharks palin's are 489 00:21:33,210 --> 00:21:29,920 like this too and there's that's a 490 00:21:35,580 --> 00:21:33,220 completely different ocean dynamics 491 00:21:38,130 --> 00:21:35,590 there than it is here but it's basically 492 00:21:40,680 --> 00:21:38,140 the same I'm confused by that I don't 493 00:21:43,890 --> 00:21:40,690 know what to think about that everybody 494 00:21:46,380 --> 00:21:43,900 have any thoughts are we I said another 495 00:21:50,880 --> 00:21:46,390 question how's your this same thing how 496 00:21:54,630 --> 00:21:50,890 big are they and the microbes just at 497 00:21:57,150 --> 00:21:54,640 the so there it's not it's not like it's 498 00:21:58,980 --> 00:21:57,160 not like just a layer I actually have 499 00:22:02,490 --> 00:21:58,990 one at home in my aquarium it's not just 500 00:22:05,610 --> 00:22:02,500 like a solid layer it's like think about 501 00:22:07,020 --> 00:22:05,620 taking a piece of broccoli and sticking 502 00:22:08,700 --> 00:22:07,030 it out there and put in carbonate all 503 00:22:10,320 --> 00:22:08,710 around it that's kind of what it looks 504 00:22:11,850 --> 00:22:10,330 like to me I mean if you look down deep 505 00:22:15,440 --> 00:22:11,860 into it you can see that there's little 506 00:22:20,190 --> 00:22:15,450 green cyanobacteria down in there too 507 00:22:22,020 --> 00:22:20,200 yeah yeah and there's actually there's 508 00:22:23,700 --> 00:22:22,030 there's little snails all around that 509 00:22:25,980 --> 00:22:23,710 there's there's four or five snails that 510 00:22:27,960 --> 00:22:25,990 are eating on every little on every one 511 00:22:32,530 --> 00:22:27,970 of those like they call those brown ones 512 00:22:34,210 --> 00:22:32,540 on collides call this one alkaloids 513 00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:34,220 and if you look real close you'll see a 514 00:22:36,910 --> 00:22:35,810 little snail here a little snail here 515 00:22:41,830 --> 00:22:36,920 and there's always a worm in there 516 00:22:44,500 --> 00:22:41,840 somewhere too I don't know how well you 517 00:22:45,940 --> 00:22:44,510 can see this but I don't really want you 518 00:22:47,710 --> 00:22:45,950 to take anything home from this this is 519 00:22:49,810 --> 00:22:47,720 Abigail's this is a figure out of 520 00:22:51,640 --> 00:22:49,820 abigails paper and this is where she 521 00:22:53,380 --> 00:22:51,650 basically went to the Pilbara region and 522 00:22:56,590 --> 00:22:53,390 she categorized all the different 523 00:23:00,280 --> 00:22:56,600 morphologies of the stromatolites there 524 00:23:02,020 --> 00:23:00,290 and I remember one time when I was down 525 00:23:03,520 --> 00:23:02,030 at Quattro cienega looking at all the 526 00:23:05,020 --> 00:23:03,530 morphotypes I just showed you in 527 00:23:06,520 --> 00:23:05,030 thinking what would this look like if 528 00:23:09,190 --> 00:23:06,530 you preserve this in the rock record 529 00:23:11,500 --> 00:23:09,200 we'll see she's got she's got basically 530 00:23:13,390 --> 00:23:11,510 sort of very similar morphotypes that 531 00:23:15,880 --> 00:23:13,400 she's cataloged here as we see down 532 00:23:18,250 --> 00:23:15,890 there the Anka lights the big shelf ones 533 00:23:19,900 --> 00:23:18,260 the doma ones I mean even in that small 534 00:23:22,330 --> 00:23:19,910 Valley we've got several different 535 00:23:26,120 --> 00:23:22,340 morphotypes of stromatolites down there 536 00:23:32,880 --> 00:23:31,049 actually these are the three particular 537 00:23:35,250 --> 00:23:32,890 places in the valley i'm going to talk 538 00:23:37,560 --> 00:23:35,260 about this is the valley shaped kind of 539 00:23:40,049 --> 00:23:37,570 like I love my Mexican collaborators 540 00:23:42,090 --> 00:23:40,059 they're very eloquent in their and their 541 00:23:44,610 --> 00:23:42,100 language and they say that the valley is 542 00:23:46,139 --> 00:23:44,620 shaped like a butterfly which it sort of 543 00:23:47,850 --> 00:23:46,149 is and I'm going to talk about three 544 00:23:50,870 --> 00:23:47,860 places I'm going to talk about the 545 00:23:54,060 --> 00:23:50,880 chirren say system which is basically 546 00:23:56,850 --> 00:23:54,070 starts out as a spring manders across 547 00:23:58,799 --> 00:23:56,860 the desert valley empties into a lagoon 548 00:24:01,590 --> 00:23:58,809 and there's an evaporative process that 549 00:24:03,720 --> 00:24:01,600 goes on then meanders across the valley 550 00:24:05,549 --> 00:24:03,730 again it ends up in a big evaporative 551 00:24:07,620 --> 00:24:05,559 looking and that's where those gypsum 552 00:24:10,259 --> 00:24:07,630 dunes are forming I'm going to talk 553 00:24:12,600 --> 00:24:10,269 about the real mosquitoes which is where 554 00:24:14,519 --> 00:24:12,610 it's just an above-ground kind of 555 00:24:17,340 --> 00:24:14,529 fast-moving River and that's where those 556 00:24:19,200 --> 00:24:17,350 round tumbleweed anka lights were and 557 00:24:21,750 --> 00:24:19,210 then I'm going to talk about the poses 558 00:24:28,289 --> 00:24:21,760 azula's which is where those big shelf 559 00:24:30,330 --> 00:24:28,299 storm at once were okay so what what's I 560 00:24:33,409 --> 00:24:30,340 hope you think it's pretty neat place 561 00:24:36,690 --> 00:24:33,419 already but why is it so special well 562 00:24:38,759 --> 00:24:36,700 the theory is that because of that low 563 00:24:40,230 --> 00:24:38,769 phosphorous content remember I told you 564 00:24:43,320 --> 00:24:40,240 there were snails on those stromatolite 565 00:24:45,060 --> 00:24:43,330 those microbial eyes supposedly because 566 00:24:48,960 --> 00:24:45,070 there's low phosphorus there this was a 567 00:24:50,810 --> 00:24:48,970 paper done by Jack farmer and foreign 568 00:24:55,769 --> 00:24:50,820 Garcia pin shell out of Arizona State 569 00:25:00,240 --> 00:24:55,779 they basically measured snail poop and 570 00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:00,250 growth of the stromatolites and measured 571 00:25:05,970 --> 00:25:03,010 the amount of cyanobacteria and they 572 00:25:07,529 --> 00:25:05,980 determined that the the sino bacteria 573 00:25:11,220 --> 00:25:07,539 were growing just a little faster than 574 00:25:13,110 --> 00:25:11,230 the snails could eat and that's why the 575 00:25:15,299 --> 00:25:13,120 paper actually says that that's why 576 00:25:17,879 --> 00:25:15,309 they're stromatolite dominating this 577 00:25:19,379 --> 00:25:17,889 area and that's probably they're sepa 578 00:25:23,240 --> 00:25:19,389 zishan is because of the phosphorus 579 00:25:25,350 --> 00:25:23,250 content so low even though you have 580 00:25:27,509 --> 00:25:25,360 complex organisms they're predators 581 00:25:29,759 --> 00:25:27,519 they're just not robust enough to keep 582 00:25:32,269 --> 00:25:29,769 up with it and so that's a that's always 583 00:25:37,190 --> 00:25:32,279 been considered in astrobiological 584 00:25:40,370 --> 00:25:37,200 context as a proxy of early Earth right 585 00:25:42,680 --> 00:25:40,380 the transition from prokaryotic to when 586 00:25:45,769 --> 00:25:42,690 you begin to have eukaryotes being 587 00:25:50,539 --> 00:25:45,779 dominant over prokaryotes the low p is 588 00:25:52,340 --> 00:25:50,549 the limiting nutrient it's interesting 589 00:25:55,940 --> 00:25:52,350 because I told you about the Marine 590 00:25:57,620 --> 00:25:55,950 origin issue and it has active 591 00:26:02,240 --> 00:25:57,630 liquefying mat so that's the reason why 592 00:26:03,680 --> 00:26:02,250 we study at cuatros okay so now i'm 593 00:26:06,230 --> 00:26:03,690 going to get into a little bit of the 594 00:26:08,870 --> 00:26:06,240 actual work that we're doing down there 595 00:26:12,500 --> 00:26:08,880 and we actually went down there for a 596 00:26:15,039 --> 00:26:12,510 specific reason and the reason was we 597 00:26:18,700 --> 00:26:15,049 wanted to understand how genomes 598 00:26:21,110 --> 00:26:18,710 prokaryotic genomes actually coalesced 599 00:26:22,940 --> 00:26:21,120 because at the heart of understanding 600 00:26:24,980 --> 00:26:22,950 how the origin of life or how life is 601 00:26:26,720 --> 00:26:24,990 adapting its you have to understand how 602 00:26:29,269 --> 00:26:26,730 the genomic comes about or how it 603 00:26:31,549 --> 00:26:29,279 continues to that and the thing that's 604 00:26:34,519 --> 00:26:31,559 interesting about that place being 605 00:26:37,250 --> 00:26:34,529 dominated by prokaryotes basically 606 00:26:39,529 --> 00:26:37,260 prokaryotes don't get to have sex their 607 00:26:40,990 --> 00:26:39,539 way of actually creating diversification 608 00:26:43,970 --> 00:26:41,000 is through horizontal gene transfer 609 00:26:50,029 --> 00:26:43,980 that's their major tool for prokaryotes 610 00:26:52,519 --> 00:26:50,039 for genomic dynamics all right so I'm 611 00:26:53,899 --> 00:26:52,529 not going to go over this too much but I 612 00:26:58,879 --> 00:26:53,909 know you've also how many of you have 613 00:27:00,620 --> 00:26:58,889 never seen this tree clearly what this 614 00:27:04,730 --> 00:27:00,630 is trying to what I'm trying to use but 615 00:27:07,340 --> 00:27:04,740 this is a visual a4 is there was a time 616 00:27:09,289 --> 00:27:07,350 when I first started working Vicki 617 00:27:10,909 --> 00:27:09,299 mentioned that I worked with I got my 618 00:27:13,820 --> 00:27:10,919 degree with George Fox who was one of 619 00:27:15,049 --> 00:27:13,830 the co-discoverer of archaea they did it 620 00:27:17,090 --> 00:27:15,059 because they didn't believe there was 621 00:27:18,919 --> 00:27:17,100 any gene transfer going on that you 622 00:27:21,740 --> 00:27:18,929 could actually take a molecule from 623 00:27:23,539 --> 00:27:21,750 today's life and you could trace it back 624 00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:23,549 and figure out what the relationship 625 00:27:29,000 --> 00:27:27,210 wasn't he was here so about 15 years ago 626 00:27:30,590 --> 00:27:29,010 when there was so much sequencing going 627 00:27:32,810 --> 00:27:30,600 on people began to realize that there 628 00:27:35,659 --> 00:27:32,820 was a lot of Rosie horizontal gene 629 00:27:37,039 --> 00:27:35,669 transfer form and scared everybody well 630 00:27:39,470 --> 00:27:37,049 you know if there's this much going on 631 00:27:41,240 --> 00:27:39,480 how could we ever understand anything 632 00:27:44,029 --> 00:27:41,250 about how things are related in the 633 00:27:46,759 --> 00:27:44,039 prokaryotic world and this is for 634 00:27:50,090 --> 00:27:46,769 Doolittle's sort of example of just how 635 00:27:52,340 --> 00:27:50,100 complex all that horizontal 636 00:27:54,830 --> 00:27:52,350 for may have made us understanding how 637 00:27:58,010 --> 00:27:54,840 life is how life is related to each 638 00:27:59,750 --> 00:27:58,020 other this is an old slide and you don't 639 00:28:02,630 --> 00:27:59,760 need to know anything about it except 640 00:28:08,299 --> 00:28:02,640 you need to recognize that this is 15 or 641 00:28:13,220 --> 00:28:08,309 20 bacterium this is the length of their 642 00:28:15,049 --> 00:28:13,230 genomes and the blue is their own DNA 643 00:28:18,289 --> 00:28:15,059 whereas the yellow and the peak 644 00:28:20,299 --> 00:28:18,299 represent different amounts for each one 645 00:28:23,330 --> 00:28:20,309 of those bacteria of alien genes that 646 00:28:25,010 --> 00:28:23,340 were located in their genomic so what 647 00:28:27,470 --> 00:28:25,020 you need to get from this is just one 648 00:28:29,799 --> 00:28:27,480 thing it really doesn't matter how long 649 00:28:32,840 --> 00:28:29,809 your janome is or how big your genome is 650 00:28:34,580 --> 00:28:32,850 different bacteria will accept different 651 00:28:41,720 --> 00:28:34,590 amounts of horizontally transferred 652 00:28:43,669 --> 00:28:41,730 material okay so I need you to think for 653 00:28:46,640 --> 00:28:43,679 a second so I've told you this place is 654 00:28:48,320 --> 00:28:46,650 low in phosphorus so when I heard that 655 00:28:49,760 --> 00:28:48,330 it was low in phosphorus and I was 656 00:28:52,070 --> 00:28:49,770 thinking about horizontal gene transfer 657 00:28:53,960 --> 00:28:52,080 a couple of my friends and I we got 658 00:28:56,090 --> 00:28:53,970 together we said well if you have a 659 00:28:59,049 --> 00:28:56,100 place that slow and phosphorus is that 660 00:29:01,789 --> 00:28:59,059 going to affect horizontal gene transfer 661 00:29:03,799 --> 00:29:01,799 well you need to know a little bit about 662 00:29:07,010 --> 00:29:03,809 how horizontal gene transfer actually 663 00:29:08,450 --> 00:29:07,020 happens it can happen three ways and you 664 00:29:09,560 --> 00:29:08,460 should be familiar with these if you've 665 00:29:11,649 --> 00:29:09,570 done anything in molecular biology 666 00:29:16,669 --> 00:29:11,659 because we use these all the time 667 00:29:20,360 --> 00:29:16,679 transduction which is viruses so a virus 668 00:29:22,100 --> 00:29:20,370 infects the host bacterium and when it 669 00:29:25,070 --> 00:29:22,110 does it brings a little bit of DNA from 670 00:29:27,020 --> 00:29:25,080 its previous victim in that's 671 00:29:28,909 --> 00:29:27,030 transduction it could be conjugation 672 00:29:31,610 --> 00:29:28,919 this is the only thing that bacteria get 673 00:29:33,680 --> 00:29:31,620 to do that sort of resembles sex they 674 00:29:36,200 --> 00:29:33,690 get to get next to each other and they 675 00:29:38,360 --> 00:29:36,210 need to exchange plasmids or different 676 00:29:41,029 --> 00:29:38,370 kinds of alien other DNA that's within 677 00:29:44,720 --> 00:29:41,039 them or transformation which means that 678 00:29:46,669 --> 00:29:44,730 a cell just breaks open and the DNA is 679 00:29:49,490 --> 00:29:46,679 just lying around in the environment and 680 00:29:51,710 --> 00:29:49,500 for some reason this host bacterium has 681 00:29:55,340 --> 00:29:51,720 the ability to actually suck it up into 682 00:29:57,860 --> 00:29:55,350 it okay I'm going to see if you can 683 00:29:59,810 --> 00:29:57,870 figure out what we figured out if you 684 00:30:01,669 --> 00:29:59,820 know that place is low in phosphorus and 685 00:30:03,250 --> 00:30:01,679 you're trying to understand how 686 00:30:06,370 --> 00:30:03,260 horizontal gene transfer have 687 00:30:08,260 --> 00:30:06,380 do you think an environment low in 688 00:30:12,340 --> 00:30:08,270 phosphorus would favor one of these 689 00:30:16,840 --> 00:30:12,350 vectors over another just think about it 690 00:30:19,210 --> 00:30:16,850 what would you think this one but this 691 00:30:23,500 --> 00:30:19,220 takes a lot of phosphorus or not much 692 00:30:26,830 --> 00:30:23,510 phosphorus got to make a lot of viral 693 00:30:29,830 --> 00:30:26,840 particles they're all RNA or DNA so 694 00:30:32,050 --> 00:30:29,840 what's this going to do this one would 695 00:30:34,270 --> 00:30:32,060 probably take a lot right this would 696 00:30:35,620 --> 00:30:34,280 probably take a lot of phosphorus this 697 00:30:36,880 --> 00:30:35,630 one we just gonna let them enjoy 698 00:30:39,430 --> 00:30:36,890 themselves we're not going to talk about 699 00:30:42,520 --> 00:30:39,440 it they have sex their transformation 700 00:30:44,950 --> 00:30:42,530 we're talking about this is just DNA out 701 00:30:46,780 --> 00:30:44,960 of the environment if you don't have 702 00:30:49,380 --> 00:30:46,790 much phosphorus wouldn't you find ways 703 00:30:53,080 --> 00:30:49,390 to scavenge this up and pick it up I 704 00:30:55,660 --> 00:30:53,090 mean if the if the environment slow and 705 00:30:57,130 --> 00:30:55,670 phosphorus if you if you could adapt to 706 00:30:58,510 --> 00:30:57,140 pick this stuff out of the environment 707 00:30:59,650 --> 00:30:58,520 whenever something is broken open that 708 00:31:01,990 --> 00:30:59,660 seems like that would be the best 709 00:31:06,880 --> 00:31:02,000 strategy how many of you think that 710 00:31:10,990 --> 00:31:06,890 sounds reasonable okay I did too but 711 00:31:14,520 --> 00:31:11,000 it's not right turns out this is what we 712 00:31:17,250 --> 00:31:14,530 thought mechanisms of gene exchange 713 00:31:19,510 --> 00:31:17,260 transformation if you have low p 714 00:31:20,980 --> 00:31:19,520 transformations probably going to be the 715 00:31:23,050 --> 00:31:20,990 best thing that you're going to do 716 00:31:26,460 --> 00:31:23,060 transduction the viruses will probably 717 00:31:29,560 --> 00:31:26,470 be the worst thing that you could do 718 00:31:33,100 --> 00:31:29,570 what's our education should be good in 719 00:31:35,250 --> 00:31:33,110 the sense that its most efficient you're 720 00:31:37,420 --> 00:31:35,260 not spraying your bosphorus around 721 00:31:39,670 --> 00:31:37,430 that's actually good there's a problem 722 00:31:41,620 --> 00:31:39,680 with conjugation each one thing I didn't 723 00:31:45,780 --> 00:31:41,630 go over with those three things each one 724 00:31:48,520 --> 00:31:45,790 of them can carry different amounts of 725 00:31:50,170 --> 00:31:48,530 alien DNA and they can carry they have 726 00:31:52,360 --> 00:31:50,180 to carry things that are more related so 727 00:31:54,190 --> 00:31:52,370 if you're actually conjugating you're 728 00:31:57,970 --> 00:31:54,200 actually probably more related so that's 729 00:31:59,620 --> 00:31:57,980 more enter specific type not likely to 730 00:32:01,780 --> 00:31:59,630 bring in something that you know is just 731 00:32:03,930 --> 00:32:01,790 completely foreign which you know I'm a 732 00:32:07,480 --> 00:32:03,940 biologist I like the really odd things 733 00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:07,490 okay so it was about this time when 734 00:32:10,930 --> 00:32:09,410 somebody tell me about quattro cienega 735 00:32:11,480 --> 00:32:10,940 sand i was thinking about phosphorus and 736 00:32:14,450 --> 00:32:11,490 i was thinking 737 00:32:16,580 --> 00:32:14,460 okay should I shift focus from micro 738 00:32:19,549 --> 00:32:16,590 built I could be a microbial ecologist 739 00:32:21,169 --> 00:32:19,559 and I have to admit we sip a little 740 00:32:23,270 --> 00:32:21,179 tequila in the desert when we go down 741 00:32:25,730 --> 00:32:23,280 there or sit at a computer in Houston 742 00:32:28,430 --> 00:32:25,740 and analyze those AC GS and T's so I 743 00:32:31,330 --> 00:32:28,440 tried to become a microbial ecologist 744 00:32:34,940 --> 00:32:31,340 which turns out to be very complicated 745 00:32:37,220 --> 00:32:34,950 so we began this suite of projects at 746 00:32:39,130 --> 00:32:37,230 cuatros images to try to get at what was 747 00:32:42,049 --> 00:32:39,140 actually happening in those in those 748 00:32:44,299 --> 00:32:42,059 microbial lights and in the water and in 749 00:32:45,950 --> 00:32:44,309 the poses so this is just sort of i 750 00:32:47,180 --> 00:32:45,960 showed you all those people before these 751 00:32:50,480 --> 00:32:47,190 were some of the things that we actually 752 00:32:52,150 --> 00:32:50,490 began to do so this one I'm going to 753 00:32:55,100 --> 00:32:52,160 talk about bacterial and viral 754 00:32:57,080 --> 00:32:55,110 metagenomics of the microbial eyes so 755 00:32:59,210 --> 00:32:57,090 all we did was we went down and took 756 00:33:00,590 --> 00:32:59,220 samples and I was telling some of the 757 00:33:02,390 --> 00:33:00,600 students at lunch about one of the 758 00:33:05,000 --> 00:33:02,400 horrendous things that happened took a 759 00:33:07,790 --> 00:33:05,010 sample took a sample we take it back to 760 00:33:09,710 --> 00:33:07,800 the lab and we don't care we don't try 761 00:33:11,870 --> 00:33:09,720 to culture anything we don't try to 762 00:33:15,590 --> 00:33:11,880 separate anything we just take the whole 763 00:33:17,299 --> 00:33:15,600 sample bag extract all the available DNA 764 00:33:21,110 --> 00:33:17,309 in it and then sequence it in little 765 00:33:22,580 --> 00:33:21,120 bits on 454 sequencing machine so rather 766 00:33:25,520 --> 00:33:22,590 than think about you know like an 767 00:33:27,710 --> 00:33:25,530 individual microbe we actually took that 768 00:33:29,600 --> 00:33:27,720 whole stromatolite took it back to the 769 00:33:32,090 --> 00:33:29,610 lab and sequence every people in a unit 770 00:33:34,669 --> 00:33:32,100 to try to figure out something about the 771 00:33:37,760 --> 00:33:34,679 community rather than the individual and 772 00:33:40,220 --> 00:33:37,770 the community okay the other thing that 773 00:33:42,260 --> 00:33:40,230 we did was we did an isotope analysis of 774 00:33:44,660 --> 00:33:42,270 cores and sediments and the microvia 775 00:33:48,620 --> 00:33:44,670 lights there was a bacterial census done 776 00:33:51,860 --> 00:33:48,630 over the whole valley genome sequencing 777 00:33:54,080 --> 00:33:51,870 of a specific bacterium we did ecosystem 778 00:33:58,010 --> 00:33:54,090 nutrient perturbations and analysis so 779 00:33:59,930 --> 00:33:58,020 in other words streamside buckets filled 780 00:34:01,190 --> 00:33:59,940 with those little anka lights and dumped 781 00:34:04,010 --> 00:34:01,200 phosphorus in it to see what would 782 00:34:06,620 --> 00:34:04,020 happen and then ran analysis experiments 783 00:34:09,109 --> 00:34:06,630 to determine how fast that those micro 784 00:34:11,389 --> 00:34:09,119 bio lights were forming continuing to 785 00:34:13,250 --> 00:34:11,399 isolate new species and then comparative 786 00:34:14,780 --> 00:34:13,260 census of microbial communities so I'm 787 00:34:17,450 --> 00:34:14,790 going to talk about three of these right 788 00:34:21,680 --> 00:34:17,460 now I do want to tell you one thing 789 00:34:23,330 --> 00:34:21,690 before I continue we are very privileged 790 00:34:26,120 --> 00:34:23,340 to actually be working at this 791 00:34:28,850 --> 00:34:26,130 it's now under the Quattro cienega 792 00:34:31,220 --> 00:34:28,860 Valley is actually a world heritage site 793 00:34:33,320 --> 00:34:31,230 now and is protected by the Mexican 794 00:34:35,060 --> 00:34:33,330 government and as I told you a minute 795 00:34:36,740 --> 00:34:35,070 ago how fragile those things where you 796 00:34:38,180 --> 00:34:36,750 can imagine those beautiful shelf ones 797 00:34:40,580 --> 00:34:38,190 if there were very many people swimming 798 00:34:43,900 --> 00:34:40,590 around which this is a place to go at 799 00:34:46,760 --> 00:34:43,910 Eastern for a lot of northern Mexican 800 00:34:49,910 --> 00:34:46,770 people we can imagine how fast that 801 00:34:52,880 --> 00:34:49,920 would be decimated so one of the ways 802 00:34:56,120 --> 00:34:52,890 that we pay we try to show our respect 803 00:34:58,580 --> 00:34:56,130 and our appreciation is we actually take 804 00:35:00,950 --> 00:34:58,590 a planetarium a portable planetarium 805 00:35:03,050 --> 00:35:00,960 down these communities don't have any 806 00:35:06,710 --> 00:35:03,060 movie theaters most of them don't even 807 00:35:08,480 --> 00:35:06,720 have television and so we have three 808 00:35:09,980 --> 00:35:08,490 planetarium shows that were translated 809 00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:09,990 in Spanish so we take these down about 810 00:35:16,850 --> 00:35:14,010 three times a year to help educate the 811 00:35:19,340 --> 00:35:16,860 community so the one thing I want to 812 00:35:21,440 --> 00:35:19,350 talk about is the bacterial census that 813 00:35:23,510 --> 00:35:21,450 we did of the valley ok so I told you 814 00:35:25,070 --> 00:35:23,520 about the intimate the in the mizzen of 815 00:35:27,740 --> 00:35:25,080 the Mac Ramona I told you there were 816 00:35:30,200 --> 00:35:27,750 over 70 endemic species well we wondered 817 00:35:34,070 --> 00:35:30,210 is it possible that you might have 818 00:35:35,810 --> 00:35:34,080 endemic microbes here as well and that's 819 00:35:37,610 --> 00:35:35,820 a problem if you're a biologist you 820 00:35:40,060 --> 00:35:37,620 already know what the problem is we 821 00:35:42,680 --> 00:35:40,070 don't really know what a species is it 822 00:35:44,720 --> 00:35:42,690 we don't know what to call a species and 823 00:35:47,120 --> 00:35:44,730 microbes there again it's that problem 824 00:35:48,560 --> 00:35:47,130 of not having sex they're clones so 825 00:35:51,590 --> 00:35:48,570 we're not real sure how you say a 826 00:35:55,220 --> 00:35:51,600 species but let's say we can find an 827 00:35:57,320 --> 00:35:55,230 example of such an extreme case that we 828 00:35:58,760 --> 00:35:57,330 had to say the microbes were endemic to 829 00:36:01,370 --> 00:35:58,770 that region we began to think about 830 00:36:03,800 --> 00:36:01,380 looking for that we also wanted to see 831 00:36:05,780 --> 00:36:03,810 well just what what are the microbes 832 00:36:08,300 --> 00:36:05,790 like this is in general in the water 833 00:36:10,940 --> 00:36:08,310 systems down there and this was a census 834 00:36:12,620 --> 00:36:10,950 that was done and all you need to see 835 00:36:16,720 --> 00:36:12,630 from this is that no matter where we 836 00:36:22,610 --> 00:36:20,240 those sequences for the microbes that we 837 00:36:25,280 --> 00:36:22,620 took down here we're all more closely 838 00:36:26,850 --> 00:36:25,290 related to marine sequences in the 839 00:36:28,140 --> 00:36:26,860 databases that are 840 00:36:31,680 --> 00:36:28,150 all over the world and they are to 841 00:36:33,450 --> 00:36:31,690 anything else now when my collaborator 842 00:36:36,120 --> 00:36:33,460 Valyria told me that I thought it cannot 843 00:36:38,850 --> 00:36:36,130 be possible that a hundred million years 844 00:36:41,460 --> 00:36:38,860 we still have some sort of marine 845 00:36:44,640 --> 00:36:41,470 signature in the bacteria because it was 846 00:36:47,870 --> 00:36:44,650 left over from the protocol well but 847 00:36:50,370 --> 00:36:47,880 they did several sort of statistical 848 00:36:54,810 --> 00:36:50,380 analysis make sure that this wasn't some 849 00:36:56,790 --> 00:36:54,820 sort of misleading result and it turns 850 00:37:00,330 --> 00:36:56,800 out that it looks true it looks like the 851 00:37:02,250 --> 00:37:00,340 majority of the residents there are more 852 00:37:06,660 --> 00:37:02,260 closely to other marine organisms than 853 00:37:08,660 --> 00:37:06,670 they are to anything else so this is 854 00:37:11,220 --> 00:37:08,670 what I was talking about we thought well 855 00:37:13,020 --> 00:37:11,230 so they're more related to marine 856 00:37:16,050 --> 00:37:13,030 organisms but are they endemic to that 857 00:37:18,840 --> 00:37:16,060 region so I want to talk a little bit 858 00:37:21,500 --> 00:37:18,850 about that Trent's a system remember I 859 00:37:23,820 --> 00:37:21,510 told you that it started at a spring 860 00:37:25,410 --> 00:37:23,830 meanders across the desert floor and 861 00:37:27,150 --> 00:37:25,420 goes into a lagoon and there's some 862 00:37:29,520 --> 00:37:27,160 evaporative process and then this is the 863 00:37:32,100 --> 00:37:29,530 big evaporative and here's the big 864 00:37:35,850 --> 00:37:32,110 evaporative pond there and you can see 865 00:37:38,190 --> 00:37:35,860 there's a variation in a magnesium and 866 00:37:44,040 --> 00:37:38,200 sodium and calcium going from one end to 867 00:37:45,480 --> 00:37:44,050 the other so it turns out that when you 868 00:37:47,190 --> 00:37:45,490 look at this when you look at that 869 00:37:50,760 --> 00:37:47,200 particular region you find a high 870 00:37:55,140 --> 00:37:50,770 percentage of bacillus strains there not 871 00:37:56,940 --> 00:37:55,150 only that we found one in particular let 872 00:37:59,490 --> 00:37:56,950 me talk a little bit about bacillus it 873 00:38:00,840 --> 00:37:59,500 turns out that we were focusing when we 874 00:38:03,570 --> 00:38:00,850 first went down there because it's from 875 00:38:05,910 --> 00:38:03,580 analytes were so intriguing everybody 876 00:38:08,520 --> 00:38:05,920 talks about stromatolites being produced 877 00:38:10,590 --> 00:38:08,530 by cyanobacteria and they do have a role 878 00:38:13,680 --> 00:38:10,600 in them because they are a primary 879 00:38:16,620 --> 00:38:13,690 producer but it turns out that 880 00:38:19,230 --> 00:38:16,630 cyanobacteria don't like to be isolated 881 00:38:21,210 --> 00:38:19,240 they don't like to be in pure culture 882 00:38:23,400 --> 00:38:21,220 and they are terrifically difficult to 883 00:38:25,500 --> 00:38:23,410 get into pure culture so we began to 884 00:38:27,810 --> 00:38:25,510 look for other organisms there that were 885 00:38:29,310 --> 00:38:27,820 indicative of the region that might be 886 00:38:32,100 --> 00:38:29,320 easier to cultivate it turns out 887 00:38:34,860 --> 00:38:32,110 bacillus are so they were widespread 888 00:38:36,540 --> 00:38:34,870 throughout the valley they're in 889 00:38:37,420 --> 00:38:36,550 different environments we found at least 890 00:38:39,339 --> 00:38:37,430 17 891 00:38:40,809 --> 00:38:39,349 in that little Trent's a system that I 892 00:38:43,480 --> 00:38:40,819 showed you there fast and easy to 893 00:38:45,490 --> 00:38:43,490 culture and for another project they're 894 00:38:47,620 --> 00:38:45,500 actually important in nitrogen cycle and 895 00:38:51,370 --> 00:38:47,630 I'm not going to talk about them but so 896 00:38:55,720 --> 00:38:51,380 lo and behold we found bacillus cual 897 00:38:58,359 --> 00:38:55,730 winces and we sequence the genome turns 898 00:39:03,000 --> 00:38:58,369 out that it's the smallest vasilis 899 00:39:05,799 --> 00:39:03,010 genome known only 3.3 Giga bases now 900 00:39:08,349 --> 00:39:05,809 vasilis are usually sort of in the world 901 00:39:11,230 --> 00:39:08,359 of bacteria they're kind of complicated 902 00:39:12,819 --> 00:39:11,240 because they actually produce spores so 903 00:39:14,770 --> 00:39:12,829 they usually have big genome so it's 904 00:39:17,640 --> 00:39:14,780 kind of it was very unusual to recognize 905 00:39:22,210 --> 00:39:17,650 that this one had a very small one in 906 00:39:24,940 --> 00:39:22,220 this particular group you find relatives 907 00:39:27,010 --> 00:39:24,950 of this not this one but relatives of 908 00:39:30,010 --> 00:39:27,020 this all over the world in marine and 909 00:39:34,210 --> 00:39:30,020 saline environments so in the sequencing 910 00:39:35,470 --> 00:39:34,220 of it this is just your standard this 911 00:39:37,089 --> 00:39:35,480 doesn't mean anything I don't care that 912 00:39:39,069 --> 00:39:37,099 you even look at this this just pretty 913 00:39:42,549 --> 00:39:39,079 we actually sequence the genome this is 914 00:39:45,220 --> 00:39:42,559 though huh this is important here so it 915 00:39:49,000 --> 00:39:45,230 turns out to this little vasilis that's 916 00:39:51,099 --> 00:39:49,010 down there in Quattro Santa ghus because 917 00:39:56,039 --> 00:39:51,109 actually has the smallest genome has 918 00:39:59,950 --> 00:39:56,049 actually co-opted a myriad group of 919 00:40:01,630 --> 00:39:59,960 biological mechanisms into its genomic 920 00:40:03,640 --> 00:40:01,640 while it's been reducing it it's 921 00:40:05,230 --> 00:40:03,650 actually co-opted through horizontal 922 00:40:07,900 --> 00:40:05,240 gene transfer some very interesting 923 00:40:09,940 --> 00:40:07,910 attributes one of them from the 924 00:40:12,640 --> 00:40:09,950 cyanobacteria around there it's taken 925 00:40:16,299 --> 00:40:12,650 sulfa lipids now let me explain that to 926 00:40:20,380 --> 00:40:16,309 you how many of you know what a membrane 927 00:40:22,620 --> 00:40:20,390 cell membrane is made of her has 928 00:40:26,559 --> 00:40:22,630 something in it we've been talking about 929 00:40:28,359 --> 00:40:26,569 phosphorous phospholipids right what do 930 00:40:29,950 --> 00:40:28,369 I told you about this place it's low in 931 00:40:32,890 --> 00:40:29,960 phosphorus so guess what this thing's 932 00:40:34,539 --> 00:40:32,900 figured out how to do you sell fur it 933 00:40:36,760 --> 00:40:34,549 doesn't even make phospholipids in New 934 00:40:39,309 --> 00:40:36,770 York it makes sulfur lipids and it's in 935 00:40:40,980 --> 00:40:39,319 its membranes and it co-opted that from 936 00:40:44,200 --> 00:40:40,990 cyanobacteria 937 00:40:46,300 --> 00:40:44,210 so a horizontal gene transfer event that 938 00:40:48,760 --> 00:40:46,310 we actually know occurred because of it 939 00:40:50,530 --> 00:40:48,770 being in this place now won't go over 940 00:40:52,420 --> 00:40:50,540 too many of these because they're not as 941 00:40:55,510 --> 00:40:52,430 important as that is right now but what 942 00:40:58,710 --> 00:40:55,520 I'm trying to tell you this is likely 943 00:41:02,830 --> 00:40:58,720 this particular bacillus that can do 944 00:41:04,120 --> 00:41:02,840 soulful lipid metabolism is probably not 945 00:41:06,310 --> 00:41:04,130 present anywhere else in the world 946 00:41:11,320 --> 00:41:06,320 because this unique environment so this 947 00:41:14,040 --> 00:41:11,330 is probably an endemic bacterium from 948 00:41:19,240 --> 00:41:14,050 this region I don't know what that was 949 00:41:20,920 --> 00:41:19,250 only it's time is done okay so it's the 950 00:41:24,790 --> 00:41:20,930 first described heterotroph to produce 951 00:41:26,380 --> 00:41:24,800 cellphone lipids even though relatives 952 00:41:29,110 --> 00:41:26,390 of it are common throughout the world in 953 00:41:30,880 --> 00:41:29,120 saline and marine environment it's a 954 00:41:32,440 --> 00:41:30,890 perfect candidate for analysis of those 955 00:41:34,990 --> 00:41:32,450 globally distributed relatives to 956 00:41:37,150 --> 00:41:35,000 understand what endemism might mean in 957 00:41:42,310 --> 00:41:37,160 the bacterial world and this has 958 00:41:44,170 --> 00:41:42,320 actually been accepted by pnas so okay 959 00:41:46,330 --> 00:41:44,180 the next two slides they don't want you 960 00:41:48,220 --> 00:41:46,340 to get the next one's going to be very 961 00:41:49,570 --> 00:41:48,230 complicated and it's just to show you 962 00:41:51,490 --> 00:41:49,580 something you know I try to get you to 963 00:41:53,220 --> 00:41:51,500 think through the process about what we 964 00:41:55,480 --> 00:41:53,230 thought about horizontal gene transfer 965 00:41:57,490 --> 00:41:55,490 happening in a low phosphorus 966 00:41:59,200 --> 00:41:57,500 environment and about a third of you 967 00:42:04,030 --> 00:41:59,210 agreed with me that this probably seemed 968 00:42:09,490 --> 00:42:04,040 reasonable so this is actually what we 969 00:42:11,680 --> 00:42:09,500 ended up with just like all in biology 970 00:42:13,930 --> 00:42:11,690 it's always way more complicated than 971 00:42:16,600 --> 00:42:13,940 you ever thought it would be it turns 972 00:42:19,330 --> 00:42:16,610 out that we've knew that we had low p 973 00:42:22,180 --> 00:42:19,340 and we know we have high diversification 974 00:42:23,770 --> 00:42:22,190 I told you this is like Galapagos even 975 00:42:26,470 --> 00:42:23,780 in the microbial world there's a lot of 976 00:42:31,240 --> 00:42:26,480 diversification and it turns out that 977 00:42:32,830 --> 00:42:31,250 that low p affects everything it doesn't 978 00:42:34,240 --> 00:42:32,840 just affect one it affects everything 979 00:42:36,330 --> 00:42:34,250 there's low transformation low 980 00:42:39,370 --> 00:42:36,340 conjugation low transduction and 981 00:42:41,580 --> 00:42:39,380 actually interestingly enough we believe 982 00:42:45,340 --> 00:42:41,590 that that leads to kind of a high 983 00:42:47,200 --> 00:42:45,350 diversification that happens in the 984 00:42:50,520 --> 00:42:47,210 independent little lineages all 985 00:42:56,859 --> 00:42:53,890 now the selection 4p actually does have 986 00:43:00,760 --> 00:42:56,869 some consequences on a genome it 987 00:43:02,890 --> 00:43:00,770 actually probably forces any genomes 988 00:43:04,990 --> 00:43:02,900 down there to purge themselves of any 989 00:43:07,120 --> 00:43:05,000 genes they don't need remember I told 990 00:43:09,730 --> 00:43:07,130 you this have the smallest genome of any 991 00:43:12,250 --> 00:43:09,740 bacillus and that so there's probably 992 00:43:15,120 --> 00:43:12,260 two things that happen in a low 993 00:43:16,990 --> 00:43:15,130 phosphorus environment you have extreme 994 00:43:18,700 --> 00:43:17,000 diversification because of a local 995 00:43:21,970 --> 00:43:18,710 adaptation and you actually try to get 996 00:43:24,280 --> 00:43:21,980 smaller and smaller general okay so 997 00:43:26,980 --> 00:43:24,290 putting it all together as far as 998 00:43:29,710 --> 00:43:26,990 endemism and horizontal gene transfer at 999 00:43:31,870 --> 00:43:29,720 cuatro cinakisz the dogma has always 1000 00:43:34,750 --> 00:43:31,880 been that with respect to bacteria 1001 00:43:38,020 --> 00:43:34,760 everything is everywhere no matter where 1002 00:43:39,490 --> 00:43:38,030 you went on the planet every species of 1003 00:43:42,930 --> 00:43:39,500 bacteria is there it's just not 1004 00:43:45,430 --> 00:43:42,940 prominent but at Quattro cinakisz 1005 00:43:47,589 --> 00:43:45,440 everything is not everywhere and maybe 1006 00:43:49,150 --> 00:43:47,599 in some places everything is special so 1007 00:43:51,670 --> 00:43:49,160 we actually think Watrous you 1008 00:43:54,940 --> 00:43:51,680 because if the local adaptation in its 1009 00:43:57,790 --> 00:43:54,950 Galapagos like environment has actually 1010 00:44:00,070 --> 00:43:57,800 not only does it have macro faunal in 1011 00:44:02,020 --> 00:44:00,080 dominica species but it's also bacterial 1012 00:44:07,400 --> 00:44:02,030 and this is actually a nature reviews 1013 00:44:15,060 --> 00:44:12,630 well no other bacillus in the world of 1014 00:44:17,370 --> 00:44:15,070 all the the 50 or 60 that have been 1015 00:44:20,760 --> 00:44:17,380 sequenced none of them produce cell 1016 00:44:23,370 --> 00:44:20,770 phone rings now you actually make a good 1017 00:44:25,470 --> 00:44:23,380 point I mean it's a bacillus right i 1018 00:44:27,810 --> 00:44:25,480 mean it's it's a facility that's related 1019 00:44:30,120 --> 00:44:27,820 it has other organisms thats related to 1020 00:44:31,770 --> 00:44:30,130 so you have to define in your own mind 1021 00:44:36,480 --> 00:44:31,780 whether or not you want to count a 1022 00:44:39,780 --> 00:44:36,490 microbe as being the same if it has the 1023 00:44:43,440 --> 00:44:39,790 same ribosomal RNA or whether or not it 1024 00:44:45,450 --> 00:44:43,450 can do unusual things so it's a it's a 1025 00:44:47,790 --> 00:44:45,460 matter of definition but I think if you 1026 00:44:49,410 --> 00:44:47,800 want to count something as endemic this 1027 00:44:50,730 --> 00:44:49,420 is about the strongest argument you 1028 00:44:52,710 --> 00:44:50,740 could have if you're talking about 1029 00:44:54,180 --> 00:44:52,720 microbes I'm okay if you want to 1030 00:44:58,349 --> 00:44:54,190 disagree with it because I can 1031 00:45:00,720 --> 00:44:58,359 understand it but nowhere else it's 1032 00:45:02,730 --> 00:45:00,730 never been reported that any other 1033 00:45:05,510 --> 00:45:02,740 vasilis not only any other bacillus but 1034 00:45:07,980 --> 00:45:05,520 no other heterotroph make soulful lipids 1035 00:45:09,780 --> 00:45:07,990 soulful lipids are made in the ocean all 1036 00:45:18,089 --> 00:45:09,790 the time by all kinds of cyanobacteria 1037 00:45:20,099 --> 00:45:18,099 that's well known okay so now i'm going 1038 00:45:24,420 --> 00:45:20,109 to talk just for a few seconds about the 1039 00:45:26,700 --> 00:45:24,430 metagenomes we actually took one of the 1040 00:45:29,010 --> 00:45:26,710 Anka lights and a piece of the 1041 00:45:30,450 --> 00:45:29,020 stromatolite and we did the meta-genome 1042 00:45:37,800 --> 00:45:30,460 step remember that's just the whole 1043 00:45:39,540 --> 00:45:37,810 community RNA and we looked at the viral 1044 00:45:42,150 --> 00:45:39,550 component of it and the bacterial 1045 00:45:44,430 --> 00:45:42,160 component and we also evaluated the 1046 00:45:46,560 --> 00:45:44,440 isotopes of the water in the microbial 1047 00:45:48,210 --> 00:45:46,570 lights now this was quite a project 1048 00:45:50,430 --> 00:45:48,220 those two sentences make it seem real 1049 00:45:52,910 --> 00:45:50,440 simple I'm going to go over the viral 1050 00:45:57,089 --> 00:45:52,920 community I only have this one slide 1051 00:46:01,710 --> 00:45:57,099 this was a paper that came out in nature 1052 00:46:03,570 --> 00:46:01,720 about two weeks ago and basically this 1053 00:46:06,570 --> 00:46:03,580 was kind of scary to me the results of 1054 00:46:09,630 --> 00:46:06,580 this because what it actually shows is 1055 00:46:12,480 --> 00:46:09,640 real mosquitoes is to uncle aight this 1056 00:46:17,640 --> 00:46:12,490 is the shelf stromatolite and these are 1057 00:46:18,279 --> 00:46:17,650 each different marine samples of virus 1058 00:46:20,289 --> 00:46:18,289 particles 1059 00:46:22,209 --> 00:46:20,299 right so these are viruses from this 1060 00:46:25,390 --> 00:46:22,219 from this and then these were all marine 1061 00:46:29,439 --> 00:46:25,400 and all you have to know is that if you 1062 00:46:35,890 --> 00:46:29,449 have anything that's greater than point 1063 00:46:40,179 --> 00:46:35,900 25 over here that means that whatever is 1064 00:46:42,370 --> 00:46:40,189 greater than point 0 to 5 has a greater 1065 00:46:45,999 --> 00:46:42,380 different has point let me get this 1066 00:46:47,859 --> 00:46:46,009 right samples yeah okay this is the 1067 00:46:52,929 --> 00:46:47,869 combined this is comparing to the 1068 00:46:56,650 --> 00:46:52,939 combined marine sample and if there's no 1069 00:46:59,109 --> 00:46:56,660 difference if it's less than 0 point 0 5 1070 00:47:01,749 --> 00:46:59,119 then it's exactly like it has a 1071 00:47:03,759 --> 00:47:01,759 relationship to the marine sample so it 1072 00:47:06,279 --> 00:47:03,769 turns out these are all marine samples 1073 00:47:10,349 --> 00:47:06,289 and if you compare the Gulf of Mexico 1074 00:47:12,880 --> 00:47:10,359 viral viruses with the combined marine 1075 00:47:17,079 --> 00:47:12,890 viruses there's no difference right 1076 00:47:19,689 --> 00:47:17,089 following me pose us as Sulis that shelf 1077 00:47:24,189 --> 00:47:19,699 stromatolite looks exactly like a marine 1078 00:47:25,899 --> 00:47:24,199 single so in the paper this actually 1079 00:47:28,630 --> 00:47:25,909 corroborates that idea that not only 1080 00:47:30,489 --> 00:47:28,640 does the bacteria look like it has a 1081 00:47:32,140 --> 00:47:30,499 marine signature but the viral 1082 00:47:35,019 --> 00:47:32,150 components look like they have a marine 1083 00:47:37,329 --> 00:47:35,029 signature as well building on the 1084 00:47:40,539 --> 00:47:37,339 argument that this is a relic of the 1085 00:47:42,429 --> 00:47:40,549 ancient ocean now love this picture just 1086 00:47:44,529 --> 00:47:42,439 because this shows how dirty this work 1087 00:47:46,329 --> 00:47:44,539 was when we were doing isotope analysis 1088 00:47:48,429 --> 00:47:46,339 when we went down to the to get the 1089 00:47:50,649 --> 00:47:48,439 samples to do the isotopes this is David 1090 00:47:53,199 --> 00:47:50,659 hollander and he actually looks like 1091 00:47:55,509 --> 00:47:53,209 that most of the time and this is as 1092 00:47:59,169 --> 00:47:55,519 taking a core this is Maya Breitbart in 1093 00:48:00,640 --> 00:47:59,179 David and this is the core and so David 1094 00:48:04,929 --> 00:48:00,650 is the one that does all the isotope 1095 00:48:08,199 --> 00:48:04,939 analysis this is the bacterial component 1096 00:48:12,969 --> 00:48:08,209 of the stromatolites and this is just to 1097 00:48:16,599 --> 00:48:12,979 show you that the light bar is the Shelf 1098 00:48:19,209 --> 00:48:16,609 stromatolite and the dark bar is the 1099 00:48:22,120 --> 00:48:19,219 real mosquitoes so looking at the 1100 00:48:24,519 --> 00:48:22,130 bacterial fractions we tried to figure 1101 00:48:26,360 --> 00:48:24,529 out what were the components what were 1102 00:48:28,310 --> 00:48:26,370 the microbial identities and 1103 00:48:30,890 --> 00:48:28,320 one of them and you can see one thing 1104 00:48:32,240 --> 00:48:30,900 very clearly they look like there's two 1105 00:48:34,940 --> 00:48:32,250 different communities there right 1106 00:48:39,730 --> 00:48:34,950 they're not the same that seem 1107 00:48:42,890 --> 00:48:39,740 reasonable to you they're different okay 1108 00:48:47,270 --> 00:48:42,900 so the only thing you need to recognize 1109 00:48:50,240 --> 00:48:47,280 about this is that if you compare the 1110 00:48:52,610 --> 00:48:50,250 micro this is a slide of the functions 1111 00:48:56,390 --> 00:48:52,620 of the genes that we found in the metaji 1112 00:48:59,870 --> 00:48:56,400 notes so these are all the different 1113 00:49:03,500 --> 00:48:59,880 categories and the comparison is the 1114 00:49:05,990 --> 00:49:03,510 microbial lights compared to marine ones 1115 00:49:08,540 --> 00:49:06,000 to marine functions and compared to 1116 00:49:09,890 --> 00:49:08,550 fresh water and the only thing you need 1117 00:49:11,810 --> 00:49:09,900 to notice the only thing I want you to 1118 00:49:16,070 --> 00:49:11,820 notice on this is that this little red 1119 00:49:17,780 --> 00:49:16,080 bar here is sulfur metabolism and it 1120 00:49:20,300 --> 00:49:17,790 actually shows that no matter whether 1121 00:49:23,510 --> 00:49:20,310 you compare it with marine bacteria or 1122 00:49:28,180 --> 00:49:23,520 freshwater bacteria the bacteria in 1123 00:49:30,740 --> 00:49:28,190 these microbial lights are actually have 1124 00:49:33,800 --> 00:49:30,750 something's going on with a sulfur cycle 1125 00:49:37,280 --> 00:49:33,810 that's not normal for most of freshwater 1126 00:49:38,870 --> 00:49:37,290 or marine biology microbiology so 1127 00:49:42,260 --> 00:49:38,880 there's something about the sulfur 1128 00:49:43,940 --> 00:49:42,270 that's causing both communities no 1129 00:49:46,070 --> 00:49:43,950 matter what organisms that are in them 1130 00:49:48,140 --> 00:49:46,080 both communities have a high sulfur 1131 00:49:52,850 --> 00:49:48,150 cycle there's something going on about 1132 00:49:54,650 --> 00:49:52,860 the sulfur cycle this is just another 1133 00:49:55,940 --> 00:49:54,660 graph to show you a little bit about 1134 00:49:57,470 --> 00:49:55,950 remember I told you you're going to have 1135 00:49:59,180 --> 00:49:57,480 liftoff eyeing Matt's either because 1136 00:50:03,410 --> 00:49:59,190 you've changed the metabolism or you've 1137 00:50:05,630 --> 00:50:03,420 done something about making it extra 1138 00:50:07,850 --> 00:50:05,640 polymeric substance and this is showing 1139 00:50:10,580 --> 00:50:07,860 you that both in the the round 1140 00:50:12,800 --> 00:50:10,590 stromatolite the microbial light and the 1141 00:50:14,960 --> 00:50:12,810 shelf stromatolite there's actually a 1142 00:50:17,780 --> 00:50:14,970 lot of eps production and a lot of 1143 00:50:20,360 --> 00:50:17,790 degradation so extra polymeric 1144 00:50:22,610 --> 00:50:20,370 substances are also active in this so 1145 00:50:26,890 --> 00:50:22,620 these microbial lights are probably 1146 00:50:30,230 --> 00:50:26,900 using sulfur metabolism as well as 1147 00:50:33,560 --> 00:50:30,240 creating EPS to actually cause that 1148 00:50:35,660 --> 00:50:33,570 precipitation to occur so basically what 1149 00:50:38,340 --> 00:50:35,670 this what these slides are showing you 1150 00:50:41,670 --> 00:50:38,350 is that that model that depress and 1151 00:50:43,500 --> 00:50:41,680 had actually put forth is actually 1152 00:50:46,800 --> 00:50:43,510 corroborated by this evidence there's 1153 00:50:49,230 --> 00:50:46,810 two there's there's at least two the EPS 1154 00:50:51,000 --> 00:50:49,240 and the metabolisms are actually 1155 00:50:53,400 --> 00:50:51,010 affecting the fact that carbonate is 1156 00:50:55,650 --> 00:50:53,410 actually precipitating on these 1157 00:50:59,310 --> 00:50:55,660 communities differently than what it 1158 00:51:02,040 --> 00:50:59,320 would in other places okay so basically 1159 00:51:05,310 --> 00:51:02,050 strahm's are complex redox dependent 1160 00:51:07,410 --> 00:51:05,320 highly dependent communities they're 1161 00:51:09,510 --> 00:51:07,420 highly integrated their metabolic 1162 00:51:11,220 --> 00:51:09,520 composition is distinct from other 1163 00:51:13,830 --> 00:51:11,230 marine and freshwater microbial 1164 00:51:16,650 --> 00:51:13,840 communities even though the taxonomy of 1165 00:51:19,020 --> 00:51:16,660 the two strands are very different their 1166 00:51:22,260 --> 00:51:19,030 metabolites their metabolic potential is 1167 00:51:25,040 --> 00:51:22,270 the same and that particular potential 1168 00:51:27,450 --> 00:51:25,050 is important for carbonate precipitation 1169 00:51:29,280 --> 00:51:27,460 the isotopes i didn't i'm not going to 1170 00:51:32,610 --> 00:51:29,290 go over that but the isotopes indicate 1171 00:51:35,010 --> 00:51:32,620 that heterotrophic respiration occurs of 1172 00:51:37,380 --> 00:51:35,020 the photosynthetic biomass even though 1173 00:51:41,600 --> 00:51:37,390 the cyanobacteria are there and they're 1174 00:51:43,680 --> 00:51:41,610 actually the primary producers their 1175 00:51:45,780 --> 00:51:43,690 metabolism is not the one that's 1176 00:51:47,520 --> 00:51:45,790 actually causing the precipitation it's 1177 00:51:50,550 --> 00:51:47,530 the sulfur and the heterotrophs that are 1178 00:51:52,170 --> 00:51:50,560 actually causing the precipitation the 1179 00:51:54,030 --> 00:51:52,180 sulfate reducing bacteria are key 1180 00:51:59,240 --> 00:51:54,040 components to the community now what 1181 00:52:05,520 --> 00:52:03,030 that has to do with biology astrobiology 1182 00:52:08,840 --> 00:52:05,530 because we are beginning to understand 1183 00:52:11,130 --> 00:52:08,850 what the constraints are that allow 1184 00:52:14,070 --> 00:52:11,140 precipitation to happen and for you to 1185 00:52:16,020 --> 00:52:14,080 get a lithified mapped and if we can 1186 00:52:17,400 --> 00:52:16,030 understand the constraints of what has 1187 00:52:20,090 --> 00:52:17,410 to happen in order for you to get 1188 00:52:22,980 --> 00:52:20,100 lithification we can understand how 1189 00:52:24,930 --> 00:52:22,990 through the rock record what the ocean 1190 00:52:26,730 --> 00:52:24,940 chemistry had to be like or what the 1191 00:52:29,100 --> 00:52:26,740 microbial community had to be like in 1192 00:52:30,720 --> 00:52:29,110 order to get multiplication and if we 1193 00:52:33,090 --> 00:52:30,730 can understand that we might be able to 1194 00:52:34,140 --> 00:52:33,100 actually extrapolate that for it if you 1195 00:52:35,850 --> 00:52:34,150 were going to look for life 1196 00:52:37,920 --> 00:52:35,860 stromatolites if you could actually 1197 00:52:39,720 --> 00:52:37,930 visually ever look at something else to 1198 00:52:41,550 --> 00:52:39,730 see what evidence of stromatolites might 1199 00:52:43,740 --> 00:52:41,560 be on other planets or microbial lights 1200 00:52:46,170 --> 00:52:43,750 you would know what the conditions had 1201 00:52:47,940 --> 00:52:46,180 to be and that's actually getting us 1202 00:52:49,920 --> 00:52:47,950 that that's actually a step forward 1203 00:52:51,390 --> 00:52:49,930 we're going to actually be able to 1204 00:52:54,870 --> 00:52:51,400 measure horizontal 1205 00:52:56,880 --> 00:52:54,880 transfer using the cut rosina gets 1206 00:52:58,920 --> 00:52:56,890 isolates will understand a little bit 1207 00:53:00,870 --> 00:52:58,930 more about genomic coalescence I 1208 00:53:03,510 --> 00:53:00,880 mentioned the list the vacation of the 1209 00:53:05,400 --> 00:53:03,520 ecosystem and then this is important 1210 00:53:08,220 --> 00:53:05,410 will understand and be able to evaluate 1211 00:53:10,289 --> 00:53:08,230 P as a limiting nutrients and its effect 1212 00:53:12,750 --> 00:53:10,299 which can provide better early Earth 1213 00:53:16,349 --> 00:53:12,760 model constraints and this is something 1214 00:53:20,099 --> 00:53:16,359 I talked about at lunch this may seem 1215 00:53:21,660 --> 00:53:20,109 kind of you know it's just advanced life 1216 00:53:24,210 --> 00:53:21,670 on Earth that we're actually talking 1217 00:53:25,710 --> 00:53:24,220 about the fact of the matter is no 1218 00:53:28,730 --> 00:53:25,720 matter where you are in the universe you 1219 00:53:32,160 --> 00:53:28,740 still have the same periodic table so 1220 00:53:34,109 --> 00:53:32,170 the same element building blocks have to 1221 00:53:37,470 --> 00:53:34,119 be used no matter where you are so the 1222 00:53:40,710 --> 00:53:37,480 fact that you're precipitating just a 1223 00:53:43,769 --> 00:53:40,720 chemical process carbonates out of water 1224 00:53:45,690 --> 00:53:43,779 by my biological intervention could 1225 00:53:47,099 --> 00:53:45,700 happen anywhere first we wouldn't have 1226 00:53:52,980 --> 00:53:47,109 to actually understand what the life was 1227 00:53:55,680 --> 00:53:52,990 like so this is just two more shots of 1228 00:53:57,089 --> 00:53:55,690 quattro Senecas to show you just a 1229 00:53:59,370 --> 00:53:57,099 little bit more about how beautiful it 1230 00:54:01,140 --> 00:53:59,380 actually is and this is this is just how 1231 00:54:03,870 --> 00:54:01,150 majestic the mountains are that's 1232 00:54:31,269 --> 00:54:03,880 surrounded and I'll give my thanks to 1233 00:54:40,569 --> 00:54:35,420 um I mean you could you could say that I 1234 00:54:45,920 --> 00:54:44,059 think that's too I think that's putting 1235 00:54:50,200 --> 00:54:45,930 too much and what we have at this 1236 00:54:52,430 --> 00:54:50,210 specific place I don't know how much 1237 00:54:54,140 --> 00:54:52,440 what I showed you actually I mean you 1238 00:54:56,509 --> 00:54:54,150 have to appreciate that microbial 1239 00:54:58,789 --> 00:54:56,519 ecology very seldom do you have a place 1240 00:55:00,920 --> 00:54:58,799 that's isolated like this is dominated 1241 00:55:03,950 --> 00:55:00,930 by microbes so this is a really unique 1242 00:55:06,200 --> 00:55:03,960 situation and I don't know even though I 1243 00:55:08,299 --> 00:55:06,210 think it has some relevance for general 1244 00:55:10,849 --> 00:55:08,309 principles I'm not sure what I mean it's 1245 00:55:13,339 --> 00:55:10,859 too it's too early for me to even begin 1246 00:55:18,260 --> 00:55:13,349 to think there what I mean we can have 1247 00:55:24,230 --> 00:55:21,320 I didn't rather expected that the 1248 00:55:26,840 --> 00:55:24,240 precipitation of carbonate would be if 1249 00:55:30,650 --> 00:55:26,850 bicarbonate was being used as the carbon 1250 00:55:32,840 --> 00:55:30,660 source pull out one co2 your life with 1251 00:55:36,320 --> 00:55:32,850 carbonate and I can imagine that if it's 1252 00:55:37,970 --> 00:55:36,330 a single individual cell carbonate might 1253 00:55:40,850 --> 00:55:37,980 precipitate away from it but if you've 1254 00:55:43,460 --> 00:55:40,860 had on that of blue parades that they 1255 00:55:45,200 --> 00:55:43,470 made the calcium carbonate kind of sit 1256 00:55:49,340 --> 00:55:45,210 on top of it he didn't refer 1257 00:55:51,620 --> 00:55:49,350 specifically to that reaction that that 1258 00:55:54,860 --> 00:55:51,630 reaction does happen when they create 1259 00:55:57,740 --> 00:55:54,870 the the EPS it actually does sometimes 1260 00:56:00,530 --> 00:55:57,750 cause the bicarbonate to split in that 1261 00:56:02,750 --> 00:56:00,540 actual reaction to occur I don't know 1262 00:56:05,090 --> 00:56:02,760 specifically if that's happening here I 1263 00:56:06,860 --> 00:56:05,100 don't know that but that does I just 1264 00:56:08,810 --> 00:56:06,870 didn't go into that much detail about it 1265 00:56:11,540 --> 00:56:08,820 but I mean it that certainly can't 1266 00:56:14,030 --> 00:56:11,550 happen I mean the basic the basic thing 1267 00:56:17,630 --> 00:56:14,040 that you can take home is something has 1268 00:56:19,820 --> 00:56:17,640 to happen locally for that precipitation 1269 00:56:21,350 --> 00:56:19,830 to occur and as much as we can 1270 00:56:23,570 --> 00:56:21,360 understand about what's causing that 1271 00:56:26,380 --> 00:56:23,580 local precipitation occur whether its pH 1272 00:56:29,090 --> 00:56:26,390 change or bicarbonate ions you know 1273 00:56:30,740 --> 00:56:29,100 breaking them breaking bicarbonate up or 1274 00:56:33,980 --> 00:56:30,750 whatever I mean that adds to us 1275 00:56:39,170 --> 00:56:33,990 understanding housing because you can go 1276 00:56:41,190 --> 00:56:39,180 to places that it doesn't happen do a 1277 00:56:44,420 --> 00:56:41,200 sense from originally 1278 00:56:52,730 --> 00:56:48,860 no yes okay the question was how many 1279 00:56:55,040 --> 00:56:52,740 other organisms at Quattro Senecas might 1280 00:56:57,380 --> 00:56:55,050 be used utilizing soulful lipids and 1281 00:57:00,680 --> 00:56:57,390 their membranes as the pasilla sister 1282 00:57:04,070 --> 00:57:00,690 that is an excellent excellent question 1283 00:57:06,220 --> 00:57:04,080 and if you were if I could ask for a 1284 00:57:08,990 --> 00:57:06,230 reviewer for a grant I put your name 1285 00:57:13,130 --> 00:57:09,000 because that's a grant we currently have 1286 00:57:15,080 --> 00:57:13,140 helped for exactly that thing I mean you 1287 00:57:16,970 --> 00:57:15,090 would think that probably there'd be 1288 00:57:19,790 --> 00:57:16,980 lots of stuff down there that's resorted 1289 00:57:21,440 --> 00:57:19,800 to that strategy I mean why other thing 1290 00:57:28,210 --> 00:57:21,450 you know other things too that's an 1291 00:57:28,220 --> 00:57:45,660 No 1292 00:57:45,670 --> 00:57:51,120 right 1293 00:57:55,550 --> 00:57:53,250 okay I'll just I'm going to have to 1294 00:57:57,810 --> 00:57:55,560 admit i am not a geologist and I know 1295 00:57:59,580 --> 00:57:57,820 extreme I mean I just there's no way I 1296 00:58:01,230 --> 00:57:59,590 could answer that maybe somebody in the 1297 00:58:03,000 --> 00:58:01,240 room here understands a little bit more 1298 00:58:06,060 --> 00:58:03,010 about phosphorus availability and what 1299 00:58:07,970 --> 00:58:06,070 happens you know when when you're when 1300 00:58:10,470 --> 00:58:07,980 you're looking at an environment and 1301 00:58:11,640 --> 00:58:10,480 there's a lot of evaporative process is 1302 00:58:15,540 --> 00:58:11,650 going on I don't know what would make 1303 00:58:17,100 --> 00:58:15,550 phosphorus low there I have no clue let 1304 00:58:19,380 --> 00:58:17,110 me ask you a question how many of you in 1305 00:58:23,310 --> 00:58:19,390 here believe that that's the sort of a 1306 00:58:25,980 --> 00:58:23,320 relic relic of ancient oceans you think 1307 00:58:30,590 --> 00:58:25,990 that's reasonable to think that you're 1308 00:58:35,400 --> 00:58:30,600 okay with them usually I get some very 1309 00:58:37,440 --> 00:58:35,410 pointed arguments I don't understand how 1310 00:58:40,800 --> 00:58:37,450 you could do that I understand how it 1311 00:58:44,370 --> 00:58:40,810 could be the biology could be you know 1312 00:58:46,860 --> 00:58:44,380 ancient relics for that the problem is 1313 00:58:48,270 --> 00:58:46,870 it just we keep having data that shows 1314 00:58:49,980 --> 00:58:48,280 that I mean I didn't tell you that 1315 00:58:52,500 --> 00:58:49,990 there's diatoms down there that look 1316 00:58:54,450 --> 00:58:52,510 like they're boring I mean with bacteria 1317 00:58:56,490 --> 00:58:54,460 i mighta could have said well maybe it's 1318 00:58:58,850 --> 00:58:56,500 sort of convergent evolution because 1319 00:59:00,780 --> 00:58:58,860 it's you know it's incident you know 1320 00:59:03,810 --> 00:59:00,790 salty environment although it's not 1321 00:59:06,560 --> 00:59:03,820 sodium chloride but it's a marine 1322 00:59:09,540 --> 00:59:06,570 signature it's not a it's not a salt 1323 00:59:11,520 --> 00:59:09,550 signature that showing up so y'all are 1324 00:59:13,580 --> 00:59:11,530 much more maybe that's people that live 1325 00:59:18,060 --> 00:59:13,590 in Seattle are much more willing to 1326 00:59:21,930 --> 00:59:18,070 thank you outside the box very different 1327 00:59:23,370 --> 00:59:21,940 compositions as well get it well they so 1328 00:59:26,100 --> 00:59:23,380 it's kind of its kind of some of them 1329 00:59:28,290 --> 00:59:26,110 you can have one that's you know like 1330 00:59:29,550 --> 00:59:28,300 real big and it's about this much space 1331 00:59:31,680 --> 00:59:29,560 between the next one and this one will 1332 00:59:34,110 --> 00:59:31,690 be dark brown and that one will be blue 1333 00:59:36,480 --> 00:59:34,120 green and there's about this much space 1334 00:59:38,400 --> 00:59:36,490 between two but I don't know what that 1335 00:59:42,840 --> 00:59:38,410 translates into there's there's some 1336 00:59:51,210 --> 00:59:42,850 chemistry differences but I don't we 1337 00:59:58,950 --> 00:59:56,280 there's a lot of project all right I'm 1338 01:00:01,109 --> 00:59:58,960 sure Janet wouldn't mind so in rotation 1339 01:00:02,490 --> 01:00:01,119 oh yes we always have we love to have a 1340 01:00:05,700 --> 01:00:02,500 good light to go on a field trip with 1341 01:00:09,510 --> 01:00:05,710 Janet I'm thinking about asking micro to 1342 01:00:14,910 --> 01:00:09,520 come down do you know micro y'all don't 1343 01:00:16,980 --> 01:00:14,920 watch dirty jobs oh my gosh we have to 1344 01:00:21,330 --> 01:00:16,990 dig around in the sulfur smelling you 1345 01:00:22,890 --> 01:00:21,340 know yeah it's pretty dirty dusty and 1346 01:00:25,380 --> 01:00:22,900 you need a crash helmet for the right 1347 01:00:28,109 --> 01:00:25,390 across the desert because we've just get 1348 01:00:30,089 --> 01:00:28,119 to be part of the country anyway do we 1349 01:00:32,339 --> 01:00:30,099 have any questions on videocon no no 1350 01:00:35,310 --> 01:00:32,349 okay then all right you ready more 1351 01:00:37,310 --> 01:00:35,320 questions for Janet yes yeah that's what 1352 01:00:40,260 --> 01:00:37,320 so what's this what kind of 1353 01:00:43,200 --> 01:00:40,270 cyanobacteria so there's Cal thanks 1354 01:00:45,599 --> 01:00:43,210 maybe the other question is how closely 1355 01:00:47,390 --> 01:00:45,609 related are sheep cheese for self 1356 01:00:53,370 --> 01:00:47,400 Olympics and no sign of activity 1357 01:00:56,930 --> 01:00:53,380 facility sleep-related are the ones the 1358 01:00:59,550 --> 01:00:56,940 ones locally yeah that's a problem 1359 01:01:03,089 --> 01:00:59,560 callithrix is there's a there's a 1360 01:01:05,160 --> 01:01:03,099 succession of you know I guess it's just 1361 01:01:07,770 --> 01:01:05,170 like anything in biology something moves 1362 01:01:10,260 --> 01:01:07,780 in and then other things move in so 1363 01:01:13,800 --> 01:01:10,270 clearly callithrix which is a 1364 01:01:16,260 --> 01:01:13,810 cyanobacteria that has this real heavy 1365 01:01:19,140 --> 01:01:16,270 brown you can almost see it with I 1366 01:01:21,540 --> 01:01:19,150 sheath around it clearly sort of the 1367 01:01:25,440 --> 01:01:21,550 thing that's on top of all the surfaces 1368 01:01:28,740 --> 01:01:25,450 of the microbial arts and we have been 1369 01:01:31,290 --> 01:01:28,750 it's been impossible for us or the 1370 01:01:34,230 --> 01:01:31,300 Arizona State people to isolate them so 1371 01:01:37,230 --> 01:01:34,240 we have no clue how similar those 1372 01:01:39,349 --> 01:01:37,240 soulful lipids are to the ones that 1373 01:01:42,030 --> 01:01:39,359 might be resident there now actually I 1374 01:01:43,410 --> 01:01:42,040 should ask actually I should looking 1375 01:01:45,480 --> 01:01:43,420 because we should have some information 1376 01:01:47,490 --> 01:01:45,490 on that with the meta-genome we should 1377 01:01:48,720 --> 01:01:47,500 be able to tell that i don't remember 1378 01:01:50,430 --> 01:01:48,730 that we ever looked at that that's 1379 01:01:52,920 --> 01:01:50,440 actually a good point so i will look at 1380 01:01:53,940 --> 01:01:52,930 that and see but we would not be able to 1381 01:01:57,329 --> 01:01:53,950 even at that 1382 01:01:59,280 --> 01:01:57,339 would not be able to identify it with a 1383 01:02:02,069 --> 01:01:59,290 particular species I don't think is we 1384 01:02:05,000 --> 01:02:02,079 don't know how many we don't know which 1385 01:02:10,440 --> 01:02:05,010 gene might be with which species here 1386 01:02:12,060 --> 01:02:10,450 that makes sense yeah I thought with the 1387 01:02:13,500 --> 01:02:12,070 meta-genome we should have been able to 1388 01:02:15,060 --> 01:02:13,510 figure we should have been able to see 1389 01:02:18,180 --> 01:02:15,070 that I'll have to ask I'll have to go 1390 01:02:22,010 --> 01:02:18,190 back and ask that same question is what 1391 01:02:25,250 --> 01:02:22,020 did overall diversity of the gene tribal 1392 01:02:29,790 --> 01:02:25,260 religions are they extend the arm about 1393 01:02:31,589 --> 01:02:29,800 right well I mean there are no self a 1394 01:02:33,270 --> 01:02:31,599 lipid zinda sillas so there's no way to 1395 01:02:35,240 --> 01:02:33,280 compare the other Priscilla maybe it 1396 01:02:42,930 --> 01:02:35,250 would didn't with innocent world yeah 1397 01:02:44,700 --> 01:02:42,940 diversity well definitely i'll have to 1398 01:02:47,010 --> 01:02:44,710 go back and look at that i don't know i 1399 01:02:49,109 --> 01:02:47,020 actually don't know and the so I of 1400 01:02:53,390 --> 01:02:49,119 course are the original one of the 1401 01:02:58,530 --> 01:02:56,069 they are also fairly closely related to 1402 01:03:03,210 --> 01:02:58,540 cyanobacteria biogenetic tweets and 1403 01:03:06,210 --> 01:03:03,220 should potentially beaten path well you 1404 01:03:12,950 --> 01:03:06,220 know the first time that the sofa lipids 1405 01:03:19,920 --> 01:03:18,059 anyway they described them in the Senate 1406 01:03:22,260 --> 01:03:19,930 caucus and prochlorococcus that are all 1407 01:03:24,240 --> 01:03:22,270 in the temperate oceans and they've 1408 01:03:26,490 --> 01:03:24,250 actually done many genomes of the ocean 1409 01:03:30,240 --> 01:03:26,500 and they have found what they think is a 1410 01:03:31,680 --> 01:03:30,250 heterotrophic soulful lipid component 1411 01:03:33,620 --> 01:03:31,690 but they can't figure out where it's at 1412 01:03:35,760 --> 01:03:33,630 I actually read that the other day so 1413 01:03:37,410 --> 01:03:35,770 you know I don't know what that means 1414 01:03:39,030 --> 01:03:37,420 they're not saying they're vasilis I 1415 01:03:41,580 --> 01:03:39,040 mean I don't know facilities are in open 1416 01:03:45,760 --> 01:03:41,590 ocean too much 1417 01:03:47,290 --> 01:03:45,770 you know the course the oceans the open 1418 01:03:50,860 --> 01:03:47,300 oceans are low in phosphorus right 1419 01:03:52,840 --> 01:03:50,870 that's why that's why the Senate caucus 1420 01:03:54,970 --> 01:03:52,850 and the prochlorococcus have had 1421 01:03:57,640 --> 01:03:54,980 co-opted that ability they sometimes 1422 01:04:00,430 --> 01:03:57,650 when the phosphorus is the phosphorus is 1423 01:04:02,140 --> 01:04:00,440 plentiful they make possible routes but 1424 01:04:03,970 --> 01:04:02,150 when it's not then they revert to sulfur 1425 01:04:08,680 --> 01:04:03,980 lipids this thing doesn't do anything 1426 01:04:10,780 --> 01:04:08,690 but soulful I can't make possible all